B.A Sem -6 P_11

Bachelor of arts

Paper - 11 : A Study of English language & Phonetics

Question 1 

The Air Stream Michenisms

Introduction

Language has a very important social purpose because it is used for Linguistic Communication. A language can be used into ways for the purpose of communication : Spoken or Written. The medium of speech is more important then the medium of writing. Linguistic is a systematic study  Language. Phonetics is a branch of Linguistic. 

Phonetics is a branch dealing with the medium of speech. It scientifically studies the production, transmission and reception of the sounds of human speech. For the production of speech sound the basic need is the moving corrent of air it is called Air Stream Michenism. The air that flows out from our mouth is modified into speech sounds by the action of certain organs of our body. There are three main Air Stream Michenism. 

1. Pulmonic Air Stream Michenisms.
2. Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms. 
3. Velaric Air Stream Michenisms.

1. The Pulmonic Air Stream Michenisms.

The Air Stream involving lungs and musals of cheast is called the Pulmonic Air Stream Michenism.

The walls of lungs act as the initiator. 

When we draw air in it is called ingressive when we push out the air it is called aggressive. 

 Most of the sounds produced in most of the language of the world is used pulmonic aggressive air stream michenism.

 We use Pulmonic ingressive air stream Michenisms yougyang and snoring.

2. Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms. 

The air stream involving close glottist is called Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms.

The close glottic act as initiation.

Both Ingressive and Aggressive Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms are used by some African languages and Sindhi languages. His sounds are called implosives. 

3. Velaric Air Stream Michenisms.

The air Stream involving the back of the tongue is called velaric air stream michenisms.

The back of the tongue and velum is the inisiator. So it is called oral air stream michenisms. 

 Question -2

Descent of the English language

Introduction

Ever scenes the time immemorial the question that was; why there were so many language in the world and have felt that it would be easy if everybody spoke the same language. A universal language would far towards establishing and cementing friendship and understanding between the people of the earth so from time to time there have be attempts to decided some kind of universal language. 

The problem of the diversity of tongues has exercised the minds of man from early times. In modern Linguistic teachers it is shown that languages can be grouped on families. And the fact that many language which now appear in different vocabulary, pronancian, grammar etc. are traceable to a comman ancestor in old times. 

Several different families of Language are none to philologists 'No definite connection between the various families or languages groups has been trested a fact which suggest that the faculty aroge and developet independently in several part of Earth at different times.'

The only one that concerns us here which includes most of European and some of the Asian languages is indo European Languages. 

Indo European is used because it nearly suggest that the language it comprises cover most of Europe and India. Beginning at some period seven thousand year B.C. This Indo European starting at a point in southern European in  southern European near the Asian border, spared it self both East and West. As it spered with the changing needs of it's speaker it mixed with many other tongue and modified at different stages. In such ways we can describe the gradual growth threw different stages and we have modern languages of Europe, Persia , and India. 

There are main groups of Indo European languages. Eastern Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Italic, Slavonic , Germanic, Celtic, Indian etc. 

From the point of view of the study of English, the most important of the eight language group mantioned ago is that which has come to be known at Germanic. It was spokened Northern Europe from about 2000 to 1000 B.C (Before Christ). Many modification happened and to day we have the modern English in it's perfect forms. 

 To divide the history of any language into period historically must be some what rough idea. Yet it is important to remember that such division are only approximate. The history of English language is decided into three main period. 

1. The Old English period.

2. The Middle English Period.

3. The Modern English Period.

The earliest period of English is calle Anglo Saxon or the old English period. It extends from the earliest return document around the close of 7th century about 1100. It has major influence of homogeneous Anglo Saxon language. It has a bit of latin influence followed by some vocabulary of written language. It had a number of dialects. 

Middle English extended from A.d 1100 to about 1450. Its begins with northern conquest and ends with the close of the middle ages. It is Mark by several changes in vocabulary, nouns, prepositions and adverbs of old English period. It was in the middle English period University life Oxford and Cambridge establish and England's capital provided written language material. This period ends with introduction of printing press England by caxton.  

Modern art new English runs from about 1500 to the present. the modern period is not able because with various changes it took the place of English today and it become present day English. Now the modern English has a well developed vocabulary pronunciation system tense and grammatical rules pronounce adverb etc. 

at last enough has been said to show that one of the values of the study of the history of the language it has it constantly remains his today's that which language is never STATIC, by its nature its always remains in flux we can only appreciate language by learning and using it effectively. 

Question -3

Organs of speech

This organs are commonly called organs of speech integration between these various speech organs is called speech mechanism the figure of the organ of speech state the importance. 

The organs of Speech can be devided into three groups. 

1. The Respiratory System.

- Lungs 

- Muscles of the chest

-Wind pipe

2. The Phonetory System.

- Vocal Cords

- Larynx 

3. The Articulatory System.

- Lips 

- Teeth 

- Nose

- Tongue

- Roof of the Mouth

1. The Respiratory System.

The Respiratory System involves lungs, Muscles  of the chest , and Wind Pipe.

The Lungs are spongy body's , maid up of small sacs called Alveoli.

Air is supplied to the Alveoli by small tubes called broenchir. One is in the right the other on the left. 

The Broenchir join to the tracker or wind pipe. 

The act of respiratory is connected with briathing and involve two Process Taking air in Inspiration, Throwing air out Expiration. 

Expiratory lungs air is the base of the speech sounds. 

2. The Phonetory System.

- The Phonetory System involves consists Larynx and Vocal Cords. 

- The Larynx is commonly called Adam's Apple, voice box. 

- It is situated at the top of the wind pipe. 

- The air forms the Lungs has to come out threw the wind pipe and Larynx. 

- In the Larynx are situated a pair of lip like structure are called the vocal cords.

- The Vocal Cords are placed horizontally from front to back. 

- They are attached in front and can be separated at the back. 

- The opening between the Vocal Cords is called Glottis. 

- The Vocal Cords can be open and closed. 

- When we produced some speech sounds : The Vocal Cords are vide a part and the Glottis is open. 

- Such sounds produced with a vide open Glottis are called Voiceless sounds or the Breathed sounds. 

- During the production of certain speech sounds. The Vocal Cords are loosely held together and pressure of air makes them open and closed rapidly (speedy). This is called the vibration of the Vocal Cords. 

- The sounds produced when the Vocal Cords vibrate are called voiced sounds. 

3. The Articulatory System. 

- The Articulatory System involves Lips , Teeth , Roof of the Mouth and Nose. 

1. Lips : 

The lips play very important role in the production of the speech sound.

They are named as upper lip and lower lip.

The sound produced threw with the help of lips are called Biblical Sounds. 

Lower lip is an active Articulator.

Upper lip is Passive Articulator. 

2. Teeth : 

The teeth play very important role in the production of the speech sounds. 

The sounds produced with the help of Teeth are called Dental sound. 

3. The Roof of the Mouth : 

The Roof of the Mouth has four (4) important organs. 

A. The Teeth Ridge : 

The bony part of the roof of the Mouth which lies immediately behind the upper front teeth is called Teeth Ridge.

The Teeth Ridge also called the Alveolar Ridge or Alveolum.

Immediately after Teeth Ridge the Roof of the Mouth becomes Concave and it is called the Hard Palate.  

The Roof of the Month then becomes Soft Palate or Velum.

The Fleshy part hanging loose at the end of the Roof of the Mouth is called Uvula. 

4. Tongue :

- The Tongue play very important role in the production of the speech sounds.

- It can take up different position during the production of Speech sounds. It is devided into four parts. 

=> The extreme edge of tongue is called the tip of the tongue. 

- Immediately after the Teeth and opposite to the Teeth Ridge is the blade of the Tongue.

=> Beyond the blade is the front of the Tongue. Which lies opposite to the hard Patale.

=> Beyond the front is the back of the Tongue which lies opposite to the Soft Palate. 

=> Beyond the back of the Tongue is the Root of the Tongue it is called Pharynx.

=> Tongue is the most active Articulator among all the organs of Speech. 

Question -4.

Consonants 

The Classification and discription of Speech Sounds are called "Consonants".

Language has a very important purpose for Linguistic is a systematic study of language. Phonetics is branch of Linguistic; dealing with the study of human Speech Sounds. Speech Sounds are brodly divided into two categories. There are mainly 44 types of Speech Sounds. 

                            Speech Sounds.

                                        |↓

                    ————————————

                   |↓.                                        ↓|

            Consonants.                         Vowels

" All Sounds during the production of which we here friction are Consonants." 

To discribe a Consonant Sounds we take into consideration three important aspects of Organs of Speech. 

1. The State of Glottis.

    A. Voiceless.

    B. Voiced.

2. Place of Articulation.

3. Menner of Articulation.

A Consonant is usually discribe taking into account wether it is Voiceless or Voiced : its place of Articulation or Manner of Articulation.

1. The State of Glottis.

The opening between the Vocal Cords is called Glottis.

The Vocal Cords can be open and Closed.

When we produced some Speech Sounds: The Vocal Cords are vide a part and the Glottis is open. 

Such sounds produced with the open Glottis are called Voiceless Sounds or Breathed Sounds.

During the Production of certain speech Sounds. The Vocal Cords are loosely held together and pressure of Air makes then open and close rapidly. This is called the vibration of the Vocal Cords.

The Sounds produced when the Vocal Cords vibrate are called Voiced Sounds. 

2. Place of Articulation. 

During the production of some Speech Sounds. The sounds are produced with the help of some Organs and that are called Place of Articulation.

1. Bilabial : The sounds are produced with the Two Lips are called Bilabial Sounds.

2. Labiodental : The sounds that are produced with the combination of the Lower Lip and Upper Front Teeth are called Labiodental Sounds.

Ex. F ( ફ ) , V (વ).

3. Alveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue or Blade of the Tongue and Teeth Ridge are called Alveolar Sounds.

Ex. T ( ટ ) , D (ડ).

4. Palatal / Palato-alveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Front of the Tongue and Hard Palate are called Palatal or Palato-alveolar Sounds.

Ex. શ , ચ , જ.

5. Postalveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue and Part between Teeth Ridge and Palate are called Postalveolar sounds.

6. Velar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Back of the Tongue and Soft Palate that are called Velar Sounds.

7. Glottal : Glottal sound are produced at the Glottis.

Ex. H (હ)

8. Dental : The sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue and Teeth that are called Dental Sounds. 

3. Manner of Articulation.

1. Plosive

-  During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are Complete closer and sudden release.

- Ex. Pin, Tin, Din, Dean, Kin, Gun, Bin, Done.

2. Fricative

- During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are closed approximation.

- Ex. Sip, Zip, Fine, Vine, Ship, Hat, Thin, Then.

3. Affricate

-  During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are complete closer and show release.

4. Nasal 

- During the production of some Speech Sounds the Mouth are called complete oral closer.

- Ex. Near, Me, Some, Sun, Sung, No, Neal, Night, Nose.

5. Lateral Sounds

- During the production of some Speech Sounds The mouth are called complete oral closer. 

- Ex. Lend, love, long, lip, like, lime ,live. 

Conclusion.

The sounds are produced with that all organs and thats make Speech Sounds. 

Covid-19

Sunday, 3-May-2020.

#COVID - 19

Hello Readers...

 Hello dear Readers, Welcome back on my new blogs. You are thinking how I'm telling this in vaction time but as we know study can't stop in vaction. So we can start again our blogging. Today I am sharing one new blog about Covid-19 epidemic and humanity and religion etc things. The Plauge book is also informative book for the disease.

The Plague - Albert Camus.

The Plague novel written by Albert Camus and published in 1947.Albert Camus’ The Plague (Modern Library College Editions, 1947) is much different in tone from The Stranger (Vintage, 1989). Where that book was tightly constructed in monochromatic set pieces and spare language like the opening when Meursault keeps vigil with his mother’s body, and integrates color only after Meursault murders the Arab, The Plague is a more traditional novel in scope and sequence. The novel is set in the 1940's, in the Algerian city Oran, which actually suffered from a cholera epidemic in 1849. The title makes it clear that the Plague will come, no matter how resistant Oran's citizens are at the beginning.

The slowly creeping disease is described masterfully as it changes from threat to imminent danger. Throughout, Camus manages to not let the book slide into mass-hysteria. By that I mean that it would have been easy , at this point in the novel, to over-dramatize and explicitly state the horror of the Plague. Camus' understated yet severe writing style brings the fear of the Plague much closer because it showcases the inability of the people to do anything about it. 

Critics have argued that this was Camus bringing in his notions of the Absurd. Absurdism is a philosophical theory that argues that humans constantly seek for a meaning to life, yet are incapable of finding that meaning. This is perhaps best characterized by the characters of Grand, I feel. Grand is a writer of questionable talents, who spends the majority of the novel trying to find the perfect opening line to his novel. In the constant adding, changing and removing of adjectives, Grand hopes to give a meaning to a sentence that is simple in its essence. The sentence becomes meaningless as Grand mulls over it and it is one of the few true tragedies in the novel that this man is incapable of letting his search for meaning go and thereby misses out on his own life.

 The story is set in Oran, a French port on the Algerian coast. 

Quite suddenly, the town begins to take notice of a large number of rats dying in the streets and alleys and homes of the citizens. Before people can delve too deeply into the rat problem, human beings become victims of what appears to be an outbreak of Bubonic plague. The tell-tale signs include the chicken egg sized swelling of lymph nodes, a high fever, and almost certain death. We know from the history of the bacterial infection that its propensity to wipe out whole towns and populations makes it a frightening adversary in its relentless march to claim its victims. 

The story takes place in Oran, then part of French Algeria. As the narrative unfolds, Bubonic Plague breaks out and spreads throughout the city. As the epidemic worsens, the authorities impose emergency measures. As part of the decrees, the city is sealed off and quarantined. Eventually, hundreds begin to die on a daily basis. The citizens of Oran experience enormous suffering and hardship.

 As it becomes imperative that the sick are cared for, the dead are disposed of and other remedial services are to be performed, many people decide to ban together, at great personal risk, as they attempt to fight the malady. The tale is told from the point of view of an initially unknown narrator who is eventually revealed as one of the main characters. Several of the city’s inhabitants figure prominently in the narrative. Dr. Bernard Rieux fights against the plague and is involved with both Oran’s authorities as well as many of the stricken. 

Jean Tarrou, a man dedicated to fighting human suffering and cruelty, organizes the citizens of Oran to combat the malady. Joseph Grand is a government bureaucrat whose life is initially somewhat aimless, but he rises to the occasion when the time comes for sacrifice in battling the scourge. The mysterious Cottard is initially suicidal, but eventually comes to profit from the epidemic. Many additional characters figure prominently in the story. 

Albert Camus’s novel needs to be read in this time of Covid-19.  Camus’ characters are touched by the disease and come to an understanding of the fragility of life.  As evidenced by the ridiculous behavior of many Americans these days, we have yet to gain such wisdom from this pestilence.  There is hope, however, that enlightenment will come, and we will move forward with caution and empathy for each other as we are reminded nearly every day, that we are in this together.

Bhagat Singh

# Biography of Bhagat Singh
# By H. K. Gusain.


Hello Reader...

Views on marriage

Friday , 13 - March - 2020

Views on marriage

Hello Reader...

Once again I'm back with new blogpost. Today's my blogtask is to much interested for comman people's, who are interested in marriage. But today I'm taking public views on marriage. And I'm sharing that views here. 

Views on Marriage

My Views on Marriage 

Marriage is something that gets to a person or two family. People are allowed to marry the person who is chosen by your parents.
In olden times people were getting married while the baby was in his / her mother's stomach.

The child was married and the girl is forced to live alone rather than the boy dies, society does not allow her to marry another. Therefore, child marriages were considered very bad at that time.
In ancient times, in the time of Lord Rama, they were married to Sitaji, but because of the promise of a dhobi, Ram believed in Sita. But there are those who say that marriage is based on faith. Even though Ram was considered such a wise person and people worshiped him, Ram did not trust his wife and therefore Sitaji had to give a fire test.

Similarly, we will give another example of Lord Krishna. He loved Radha but he cannot marry Radha and he is married to Rukmini. They still love Radha. And they protect Rukmini very well. It is believed that love should also be given importance in marriage and in the present and in the present time. Even so, people have rejected love marriage just as Krishna and Radha do not get married in the same way that people do not allow love marriage. But seeing this one is good because if the marriage is done by parents or family or society, whenever there is a hiatus in marriage, if there is a fight, then sit down and explain it to them and bring some solution to the fight.

The marriage life thus far seems very good, but after falling into it, it looks like a prison, but it is said that even if you do not want to get married, you will regret it.

In ancient times people used to marry like Gandharva Vivah, Swayamvar is comman in kings or also in kingdom. All kings arrange swayamvar to found good silon in law for his daughter. That is that times rituals and now a days rituals are same but pattern changed. But that's not problem now a days, but people changed and they change many things now a days. Also some people's are primitive but some are accept new things both are good for the society.

Namsa Archana 's views on marriage.

Ammmmm it depending on their mrg life.

But through my View its sweet candy. Which has sweet taste and also Causes of cough 😅

But it's amazing adventure to enjoy. 

It has anger, Quarrel, love, fun, care, smile, tear. But all that emotions have their own fun. 

U may fight or quarrel but at the end of the day it's end with perfect hug and beautiful smile.

The responsibility with love. His fever and ur care.

His gift and ur smile. 

His lunch and ur delicious dish. It's not only her cooking skill but emotions. 

So overall my Point of u marriage is most enjoyable Ocassion of entire life.

 Bhadresh Zinzala's views on Marriage.

   ભગવાન શ્રી કૃષ્ણ ને કોયકે પૂછ્યું હતું કે તમે પ્રેમ રાધા ને કરતા હોવા છતાં તેમના સાથે લગ્ન કેમ ન કર્યા
ત્યારે શ્રી ક્રિષ્ના કીધું હતું કે...
લગ્ન કરવા માટે તો કોઈ 2 વ્યક્તિ ની જરૂર પડે પણ અમે તો એક છીએ❤

આપડું પણ ક્યક આવુજ છે 
લગ્ન ગ્રંથીથી જોડાયેલ વ્યક્તિ સાથે જીવન ની બધીજ પળો, એ પછી સુખ હોય કે દુઃખ  બન્ને ને સાથે જ નિભાવવી પડે.
જીવન સાથી નું મહત્વ જ એ છે.કોઈ પણ સંજોગો હોય, એ સાથે હસે જ
કોઈ ને ન કહી શકાતી વાતો તેની સાથે કરી શકો.
બીજૂતો કય મને નથી ખબર....
પણ એક વાક્ય માં કહીએ તો
સુખ માં સાથ આપે ન આપે પણ દુઃખ માં સહભાગી બની રહે એ વ્યક્તિ એટલે જીવનસાથી.😛                 



Pooja Vithani's views on Marriage
Answer: marrige e apni personal choice hoy che. Bdha ne alag alag vichardhara hoy che marriage ne vishay ne lay ne
     Mara mat pramane bija na lagan hoy to j apnne harakh hoy jo apda lagan ni vat krvama ave to bdho harakh utri jay che. 

        Aje job krti women 88% almost single rahevanu pasand kre che. Ghana potana parents ni respect rakhi ne krta hoy che. Bhartiy sanskriti pramane lagn e 16 sanskar mathi 1 mulywan sanskar gnvama ave che. 



Kuldipsinh Jadeja's views on Marriage
 Answer: marrige e apni personal choice hoy che. Bdha ne alag alag vichardhara hoy che marriage ne vishay ne lay ne
     Mara mat pramane bija na lagan hoy to j apnne harakh hoy jo apda lagan ni vat krvama ave to bdho harakh utri jay che. 
        Aje job krti women 88% almost single rahevanu pasand kre che. Ghana potana parents ni respect rakhi ne krta hoy che. Bhartiy sanskriti pramane lagn e 16 sanskar mathi 1 mulywan sanskar gnvama ave che Lagan krva e sari babat che nd hu pn sejal na lagan ma jarur avish thodak time ma and ame jalsa karsu 

       Jo apde life mrg karvi to apdi  pedhi  chalti  rahe che baki atki  jay che .... and mara mat pramane  marriage  karvathi boys no vikas rundhay  jay che and teni life ma jaldi  chajis avi jay che and eni life badha karta alag j thai jay che.


Sarthak Joshi's views on marriage

Hello, 

Lgn 1 serious & life nu agtiy nu paglu che 
Lgan 2 rite tha y che prem lagan & arrange mrg 
Aapde Lgan hamesa Aapde tya arrange j jova mle che lagn Matlab Aapda jiv ne Bija Ni Jode Half Shear karvu type nu culture che & je jaruri che to j Prem Re jivan ma & sath re jivan bhar 1 bija no Jivan bhar koi mans 1 lo rahi nthi s k to 
A ne koi ne koi ni jarurr pade hmm che. Mate Jo lgan Jo sara vkti jode th ya hoi to Jivan bhar Bija koi ni jarurr nhi padti & Jo Wrong Person sathe thya hoi to bija badha ni life ma jarurr pade che Arrange mrg ma loko ni mujab sath Male che But joto prem nhi E Prem Karvo pade che aapo aap marji thi nhi thto 80% But Love mrg ma Prem aapo aap th y che Khusi male che 2 Person Khus re che hmesa  And biju jo ve bhi su Jo 2 mans khus hoi to.. Mate Jene love karo a ni jode Mrg kara y ...Aagal thi je Gme e lai nr aani jode match kari nakhjo marriage.

Marriage 1 Serious phase che life no Je Decided kare che aapdu thnaru Future ...Aapde tya balk janme tya j nkki thai ja y che k e er. Bnse dr. Bnse etc.

Aavi rite aapda vadilo aapa mrg pn nkki kare che. Je e loko no experience pr thi & Temni te ghar jode ni relationship pr depends kare che. Vatt aagal kareche pasnd aaviya no aaviya pachi ni vtt E loko pela jkai de che a nu ghar saru che aapde tya j karva nu che Situation avi bne che k nathi chokara ni chokari ni kai khbr & nthi chokari ne kai chokara ni khbr.

Then mrg tha y che bczof Family relation & Zuban pr thi Pchi amuk relationships ma pchi thi khbr pde che past nu & sidhi halti life ma dhakha tha y che then case tha y che chuta cheda tha y che etc But Love mrg ma Aa vstu possible J nthi thti 

Bcz bne a pele thi j 1 bija ne psnd karela hoi che & Bne ni vche pele thi j clear hoi che badhu Pachi j relationship aagal vadhe che..Atle love mrg ma arrange mrg ni jem doubt na lidhe chuta nthi thta 

Bcz They both are love of Each other But ha love mrg ma jo 1 bhi side week pade to  Ae Eastu Pn sidhi chalti life ne sali karva jevi j tha y che 😂 But bne side thi strong hoi to problem no aave life time sudhi Topic name Kisi 1 Ko Sacrifice karna pade ga.  

Different :-

1. "Agar arrange mrg karte ho to Aapne Us Aadmi k Sath Dekhe huai Dream ko bhul ja o Loko ki batt ko mnn kar Life Chala O"

2nd. Family ko sacrifice Karo Or apne Harek Dream Ko US aadmi k Satha jis ko aapne khud chu na hee Kisi K Kahne pr nhi Aapne chuna hee use karo So My Vote Is Love mrg is best & Vicharelu decision Bcz Aavnari 50 yr Ni zindgi aapde kud ne jiva ni che loko ne nahi So aapdu decision hoi to vdhu saru re life time enjoy kari s ki & Aapda samaj ma Mrg Atla mate Seriously case bni gyo che.

Bcz aapda loko Cast ma Believing kare che nahi k te mans ma atle thay che avu k other cast ma mrg tha y atle vattu tha va mnde che & Loko Ni sme aapdi abru ude avu lage che. Love mrg ma mns Dukhi tyare. Tha y che k jyare teno visvas or Same vali ni icha ochi thai ja y che 
Or biju koi psnd aavi ja y tyare Arrange ma pn dukhi to tha y j mans mrg pachi tha y to khara j but pchi family na Relation na lidhe kai boli nhi Andar thi Kosvaya kare etc.

Jya Dil. Thi decided tha y e love mrg 
& Jya dimag thi dicssion lai e a e arrange marriage Res. Is Arranged mrg ma Kaniya dan, chandlo, paheramni etc process including thay

love mrg ma Only Love Include thay tya kai calculations no thay. 




Thank you...

Elaine Showalter and Gayatri Chakravorty spivak

Elaine Showalter and Gayatri Chakravorty spivak 

Hello Reader...

Here I would like to write blog about two most famous female author Elaine Showalter and Gayatri Chakravorty spivak I would wrote about Feminism. In this blog, so lets see this blog. We know that when you torture someone constantly the person will definitely retaliate and the same thing happened with the subaltern or oppressed women a new turm emerged : Feminism,it is a range of social movements political movements and ideologies that aim to define, establish, and achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that societies prioritize the male point of view, and that women are treated unfairly within those societies. Efforts to change that include fighting gender stereotypes and seeking to establish educational and professional opportunities for women that are equal to those for men.This blog is our thinking Activity, given by Dilip Barad sir Department of English Bhavnagar University.


Elaine Showalter

Elaine Showalter, American literary critic and teacher and founder of gynocritics. She developed the concept of "gynocritics" and practised it through her life career. She, beings a specialized in Victoria literature, wrote on Pre-Victorian, Victorian, and modern female writers observing their social, cultural, religious and financial status in their own periods. She is well known and respected in both academic and popular cultural fields.

Elaine Showalter is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She is one of the founders of feminist literary criticism in united states academic developing the concept and practice of gynocritics. She is well known and respected in both academic and popular cultural field. Showalter is a specialist in victorian literature. And the findesiecle. Showalter has been a television critic for people magazine and a commentator on BBC radio and television. Her most innovative work in this field is in madness and hysteria in literature, specifically in women's writing and in the portrayal of female characters.

Gayatri Chakravorty spivak 

Gayatri Chakravorty spivak is an Indian scholar, literary theorist, and faminist critic. She is a University professor at columbia University and a founding member of the establishment 's institute for comparative literature and society. 

Gayatri Chakravorty,  Indian literary theorists, feminist critic, Postcolonial theorist, and professor of comparative literature noted for her personal brand of deconstructive criticism, which she called criticism, which she called "interventionist."

Spivak is best known for her essay " can the subaltern speak?" and for her transformation of and introduction to Jacques Derrida' s De la grammatologie. Spivak was awarded the 2012 kyoto prize in Arts and philosophy for being " a critical theorist and education speaking for the humanities against intellectual colonialism in relation to the globalized world. An extraordinary criticism of the dangers of trying to talk for those who have no voice in society. Why?  Because it is extremely hard to truly understand what you have only heard about,  and not experienced.

Shoalter and Gayatri spivak's view on Feminism.

how the text defines sexual questions, what it says about gender relations and how it represents women.

In other words, feminist reading/criticism has come to be recognized as a political discourse: a critical and theoretical practice committed to the struggle against patriarchy and sexism.


The influential feminist critic, Elaine Showalter points out that two factors -gender and politics- which are suppressedin the dominant models of reading gain prominence with the advent of a feminist perspective. In every area of critical reflection whether it is literary representations of sexual difference or the molding/shaping of literary genres by masculine values feminist criticism has
established gender as a fundamental category of literary analysis.

gender as a tool of literary interpretation the issue of silencing of the female voice in the institutions of literature

criticism and theory has also come to the forefront. Appreciating the widespread importance of gender, feminist philosophers resist speaking in gender-neutral voice. They value women's experiences, interest, and seek to shift the position of women from object to one of subject and agent.

Showalter is concerned by stereotypes of feminism that see feminist critics as being 'obsessed with phallus' and ' obsessed with destroying male artists'. Showalter wonders if such stereotypes emerged from the fact that feminism lacks a fully articulated theory.

In Toward a Feminist pietics Showalter divides feminist criticism into two sections :
The woman as Reader or feminist critique
The woman as Writer or Gynocritics. Showalter traces the history of women's literature, suggesting that it can be divided into three phases :

The Feminine phase(1840-1880):
The Feminist phase (1880-1920)
The Female phase  1920-)

Showalter views on feminist poetics are intelligent, largely devoid of rhetorical extremities, and confidently provocative. Showalter speaks with calmly convincing authority, as one who firmly believes in the verity of what she's saying. She is both earnest, in that she sees change needing to occur immediately, and patient, in that she expects that, given time enough, the wisdom and truth of her cause will prevail.

Among all the most important figures in postcolonial feminism is Gayatri Spivak, who examines the effects of political independence upon 'subaltern' or subploretarian women in the Third world.

 Spivak subaltern Studies reveal how female subjects are silenced by the dialogue between the male dominated west and the male - dominated East offering little hope for the subaltern woman's voice to rise up amidst the global social institutions that oppress her.

Macat Analysis of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's "Can the Subaltern speak? " -  one of the most important essays in the field of psychological studies ever written.
Postcolonialism is the study of the detritus of empire the after effects of the colonial era. It looks at the effects that colonialism had on colonised peoples.

Technoculture, speed and slow movement.

Technoculture, Speed and Slow movement.

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This is my academic blog on thinking Activity of Techno culture and Speed and Slow movement. here I have mentioned some of the questions which might be connected with Slow Movement. which lead  with  the idea of the faster way everything which is going on so it has to be slow down it should be affected to the world. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad head of English department.

What is technoculture?
What is Speed?
What is Slow Movement?

The late twentieth century has seen a rapid succession of technological innovation, from the silicon chip to the Internet and virtual reality. Times of the Technoculture explores the social and cultural meaning of new technologies tracing developments from the ' coming of the machine' with the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production in the early twentieth century to the information revolution and the global network society. Technology is the word which is well engraved in our daily life. Whenever we go whatever we come across, there might be some functions that connects thorough technology. It has made our life tremendous fast and more efficient.

Risk theory for cultural studies reveals the extent that society culture thrives on risk, providing information about risk potential, possible solutions and so on. Risk theory is reflects on the psychological impact of techno-culture where cultural response to new devices are based upon an awareness that they create new risk. Most systems social, political and technological are now self referential : they generate risks and provide solutions ; they talk only within the system and rarely to the outside.

The new philosophical term which is based on the concept of slowing Down and it totally opposite to the

  "Insidious virus fast life, which disrupts or habits, provides the privacy of our homes and forces to eat fast foods".

First the Slow Movement started from the Italy. In the 80s and 90s. Therefore it expanded in to another countries like England and later on the world. It just not only works on the food but other field like travel and Urbanism, culture, fashion, tourism and even in the money and religion.

"Our defense should begin at the table with Slow food. Let us rediscover the flavors and savor of original cooking and banish the degrading effect of fast food.

Simulation and Simulacra is a 1981 philosophical treaties by Jean Baudrillard, in which the author seeks to examine the relationships between reality, symbols, and society, in particular the significations and symbolism of culture and media involved in constructing and understanding of shared existence.

Simulacra are copies that depict things that either had no original, or not longer have and original. Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real - world process or systems over time.

A movement that started out with food and ended Up touching Millions.
It all began when in 1986, Carlo Petrini founded Slow food to counter fast food and fast life. The idea quickly grew into an international movement,  reflecting an overwhelming desire for a cultural shift towards slowing down life's pace. This sparked off the beginning of a broader Slow Movement, which has now evolved into Slow Travel, Slow Cities,  Slow Companies, Slow parenting.

Slow movement it is a culture revolution against the ration that faster is better always better. Something slow movement is better but somethings is bad because we are rewind back to work, slowness is a new way of thanking about time. The slow either has subsequently applied to a variety of activites and aspects of culture. People with dystonia have invaluable music contraction that cause slow and repetitive movements.

Going slow is about doing everything slow it is simply a gentle reminder to all us that:

We need to rushing through life so fast that we looses track of ourselves, our own values and what makes common sense. We need to reunite with inner voice that used to guide us - because without it was tend to make really shitty decisions both as individuals, parent, entrepreneurs and politicians.

We need to stop applying the same turbo - Speed to everything that we do.  Certain things are not cmeant to be rushed (such as a raising a child or cooking a nice meal)  so we need to back to doing things at the right speed and learn to slow down when life really matters.

Carl Honore,  author of the international best -selling book,  "In Praise of Slowness"  that has been translated into over 30 languages, has recognized the importance of Slow brilliantly :

" Today we are addicted to speed, to cramming more and more into every minute. Every moment of the feels like a race against the clock,  a dash to a finish line that we never seem to reach.  This roadrunner culture is taking a  toll on everything from our health,  diet and work  to our communities, relationship and diet and work  to our communities,  relationships and the environment."

Thank you...

Digital Humanities

Thinking Activity: Digital Humanities

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This blog is a part of Thinking Activity given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir to put emphasis on How digital Humanities helps in different fields to Learn Language and Literature through technology. It also explores extremely new  creative and Innovative ideas with new dimensions.

Definition of Digital Humanities...

 " Digital Humanities is an academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and methods to traditional humanities disciplines such as literature, history and philosophy".

  Digital Humanities means computer assisted literary study since the invention of computers, it knows only one language that is English. Thus English department and digital world are directly connected and digital technique can applied to other humanities field as well.

First try to understand the separate word… Digital means an electronic technology which generates, stores and processes data in terms of only two digits 1 and 0.


Humanities is a field of study, which analyses Human society and Culture. The Humanities include all Social Sciences, Language, Literature as well as politics or Religion, Any kind of Art or Music etc.. According to Matthew Kirschenbaum…


"The digital humanities today is a scholarship and pedagogy that are collaborative and depend on networks of people and that live an active 24-7 life online"


So, Digital Humanities is a wider field of study, research and scholarly activity, which makes interconnection between the digital world or technology or computing with discipline of Humanities. So Digital Humanities is Computer Assisted Literary Learning.


Digital Humanities is a kind of collaborative or interdisciplinary form of studying. It expanded the traditional form of communication and comprises the broad collection of information with the help of technology on one platform. Some of its facets are…


The preservation and sharing of collection which is very difficult to access or find.

The Fostering of new creative expression by use of digital media.

The use, analysis and creation of digital tools which can help in research or classroom.

" William Deresiewicz, Yale University professor wrote in Nation magazine (2008): ―The number of students studying English literature (for our purpose, let us read Gujarati, Hindi, Sanskrit literature), appears to be in a steep, prolongued and apparently irreversible decline. . . (it doesn‘t matter anymore where we may stand on questions of critical methods, canons, or ideologies) . . . the real story of academic literary criticism today is that the profession is, however slowly, dying.‖"

What is doing in English Department?

In our English department the live example of Digital Humanities. I am the student of English Department, MKBU university, Bhavnagar, Gujarat and I am studying under the guidance of Dilip Barad sir, Head of the English Department, MKBU university.

What is Digital Humanities and What is it doing in English Department" is a work by Matthew G. Kirchenbaum analyses why Digital Humanities flourished more in English Department rather than any other Department. Why the most influential field find Institutional home often as English Department.

First,  after numeric input,  text has been by far the most tractable data type for computers to manipulate.  Unlike images, audio, Video, and so on, there is a long tradition of text -based data processing that was within the capabilities of even some of the earliest computer systems and that has for decades fed research in fields like stylistics, linguistics, and author attribution studies, all heavily associated with English departments.

English is a Universal Language, Computer Language is all about Coding, so Coding started in English Language, So this is the first and foremost reason that Digital Humanities have more fair relations with English Departments.

Because of the Computer it has become very easy to input any text in Computer and can be accessed by the audience on a larger platform. Because of that Computer became integral part of English Department especially in Linguistic, Stylistic and Composition.

there is the long association between computer and composition, almost as long and just as rich in its lineage.
the pitch -perfect convergence between the intense conversation around editorial theory and mathod in the 1980s and the widespread means to implement electronic archives and editions very soon after; Jerome McGann is a key figure here,  with his work on the Rossetti Archive, which  he has repeatedly describe as a  vehicle for applied theory, standing as paradigmatic.

In Last two decades, means in the 21st Century we can see the rising interest in e-books, e-readers and in larger area-textual digitization projects demanding close connection between English Department, Reading and Textuality.

Thank you...

A Cultural Studies P8

Name : Sejal N. Solanki 

Roll No. : 27

Semester : 2.

Batch : 2019 - 2021

Enrollment No. : 2069108420200037

Email : sejal.solanki3107@gmail.com

Class : M.A. Sem : 2.

Paper : 8. ( Cultural Studies ) 

Topic : Five Type of Cultural Studies

Submitted by Dr. Dilip Barad 

                        Department of English 

Maharaja Krishnakumar singhji Bhavnagar University.



CULTURAL STUDIES
Culture is part of our day to day life. Now we know what is Culture? And What is Cultural Studies ?. Culture is derives from the Latin word 'cultura.' to 'honor' and 'protect'. Culture is a symbolic communication. Culture is the knowledge of systems shared by a relatively large group of people. "Culture is the learned behavior of a society or a subgroup." Now we begin with British Cultural Materialism, and New Historicism, and American Multiculturalism, etc.

What is culture? : -

· The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement are regarded collectively.

· The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.

What is Culture? Or Definition of Culture: -

Definition of Culture: -

Culture is the specialty of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Today, in the United States as other countries populated largely by immigrants, the culture is influenced by the many groups of people that now make up the country.

What is Cultural Studies?

Definition: -

Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which "culture" creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.

Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which "culture" creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Research and teaching in the field explores the relationships between cultures understood as human expressive and symbolic activities, and cultures as distinct ways of life. Combining the strengths of the social sciences and the humanities, cultural studies draws on methods and theories from literary studies, sociology, communication studies, history, cultural anthropology, and economics. By working across the boundaries of these fields, cultural studies address new questions and problems of today's world. Rather than seeking answers that will hold all the time, cultural studies develop flexible tools that adapt to this rapidly changing world.

Cultural life is not only concerned with symbolic communication, it is also the domain in which we set collective tasks for ourselves and begin to grapple with them as changing communities. Cultural studies are devoted to understanding the processes through which societies and diverse groups come to terms with their history, community life, and the challenges of the future.

Cultural Studies explores culture, power, and identity. In Cultural Studies, we analyze a wide variety of forms of cultural expression, such as TV, film, advertising, literature, art, and video games. As well, we study social and cultural practices, such as shopping, cell phone use, and social justice movements. We are concerned with thinking about identity and social roles, including gender, sexuality, race, class, and nation. Cultural studies research and teaching seeks to be self-critical, self-reflexive, and engaged. It challenges dominant or “normal” assumptions about who we are, in relation to others, and how.

“Culture has two aspects: the known meanings and directions in which its members are trained; The new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested. These are the ordinary processes of human societies and human minds, and we see through them a culture of nature: that it is always both traditional and creative; That is both the most common common meanings and the best individual meanings. We use the word culture in these two senses: to mean a whole way of life - the common meanings; to mean the arts and learning - the discovery and creative effort of special processes. " - Raymond Williams.

"To educate as freedom of practice is a way that anyone can learn. That learning process comes easiest to those of us who teach us who also believe that there is an aspect of our vocation that is sacred; Who believes that our work is not only to share information but also to share in the intellectual and spiritual growth of our students. " - Bell Hooks.

"It is the underlying philosophical nature that gives this program significance. What one thinks they know about popular cultural can become completely destabilized and reorganized to create a completely different understanding of the world in which we live. It is in this way that cultural studies explore larger layers of significance and meaning in world. It reveals aspects of the familiar that are hidden, confusing and meaningful. ”

Cultural studies traces the relationships between aesthetic, anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction. Cultural studies scholars and practitioners often begin by questioning the common understandings, beliefs, and histories that shape our world. This type of inquiry assumes that culture is not a fact to be understood and explained. What demands attention is how culture constitutes diverse worlds and how it can be mobilized to change those worlds.

Cultural studies relies on interdisciplinary research on the formation of knowledge, power, and difference. Cultural Studies scholars and practitioners explore the constructions of race, class, ability, citizenship, gender, and sexuality to understand their structures and practices of domination and resistance that shape contemporary societies. Many different topics surface as part of this exploration: everyday practices that structure and reception of cultural artefacts; relations between producers and consumers in the circulation of global commodities; Claims to membership in particular communities as they undergo transformation.

After discussion of what is culture? And what is cultural studies? Let's elaborate types of cultural studies.

Five Types of Cultural Studies: -

As we know that

1. First,: - Cultural studies transcends the confines of a particular discipline such as literary criticism or history. Cultural studies involve scrutinizing the text of a cultural phenomenon and drawing conclusions about changes in textual phenomena over time.

2. Second, cultural studies are politically engaged. Cultural critics see themselves as "oppositional," not only within their own disciplines but to many of the power structures of society at large.

3.Third, cultural studies denies the separation of "high" and "low" or elite and popular (mass) cultures. Rather than determining which "best" works are produced, cultural critics describe what is produced and how different productions relate to one another. Cultural critics aim to reveal the political, economic reasons why a certain cultural product is more baled at times than others.

4. Finally,: - Cultural studies analyzes not only the cultural work, but also the means of production. Cultural studies joins subjectivity - that is, engagement in culture to relate to individual lives - a direct approach to attacking social ills.

Five types of Cultural Studies

1.British Cultural Materialism.

Cultural Studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism in Britain." Matthew Arnold redefine the givens to British culture.
Edward Tylor argued that "Culture or civilization taken in it's widest ethnographic sense is a complex whole which ' includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold's analyses of bourgeois culture.

Matthew Arnold seeks to redline the "givens" of British culture. To appreciate the importance of this revision of the "culture" we must situate within the controlling myth of the social and political reality of the British Empire over which the sun never set, an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for "Culture" developed into one of the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered the community into the past; Here, the culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past. Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F.R. Leavis sought to use the educational system to distribute literary knowledge and appreciation more widely promoted in the "great tradition" of Shakespeare and Milton than the readers of a wider range of moral sensibilities.

Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanized and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russain formalist Bakhtn, especially his amplification of the dialogical form of communal, individual and social.

Culture stand is referred to as' culture materialism in Britain and it. It has a long tradition. In the late nineteenth century, Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the '' giving of British culture Edward Burnet Tyler's pioneering anthropological study in primitive culture or civilization taken in the widest anthropology sense is a complete whole that includes knowledge, beliefs' or morals General Chat Chat Lounge Law custom and any other capacities' and habits acquired by man as a way of society.

Cultural Materialism began in 1950's with the work of F. R. Leavis and heavily influenced by Matthew  Arnold. Raymond Williams talks about attributes of working class and Elite class. " There are no masses ; there are only ways of seeing people as masses."

2. New Historicism.

New Historicism is a school of literary theory, first developed in 1980. The term 'New historicism' was created by the American critic Stephen Greenbellts. New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that Literature should be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic.

"New historicism is that it is a method based on the parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts, usually of the same historical period."
"Text is historical and history is textual."
- Michael Wallner.

As a return to historical scholarship, new historicalism concerns itself with extra-literary matters — letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises — looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text. New historicists seek "surprising coincidences" that may cross-borrow in metaphor, historical, and cultural lines of metaphor, ceremony, or popular culture. The new historicism rejects the periodization of history in favor of the ordering history only through the interplay of forms of power.

New Historicism focuses on the way literature expresses — and sometimes disguises — power relations in the social context in which the literature was produced, often involving connections between a literary work and other types of texts. Literature is often shown to "negotiate" conflicting power interests. New historicalism has made its mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic period and revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing. Much new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified as witches, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.

What did Jonathan Swift mean when he gave that name to Gulliver's Travels of the Third Voyage in the Flying Island? It is a question of the political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for culturally developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that commanded the past in the hearth culture acted in preserve of its sacred function as the past.


3. American Multiculturalism.
As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the Pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States. American multiculturalism was come into existence in 1964 with the passing Civil Right Act.

" Every American should understand Mexico from the point of view of the observer of the conquest and of the history before the conquest...."

The idea that American identity is vested in a commitment to core values ​​expressed in the American Creed and the ideals of exceptionalism raises a fundamental concern that has been the source of considerable debate. Is American identity meaningfully established by a commitment to core values ​​and ideals among a population that is becoming increasingly heterogeneous? Since the 1960s, scholars and political activists recognize that the "melting pot" concept fails to recognize that immigrant groups do not, and should not, abandon their distinctive identities, embracing multiculturalism and diversity. Racial and ethnic groups maintain many of their basic traits and cultural traits, while at the same time changing their orientations through marriage and interactions with other groups in society. The American Studies curriculum serves to illustrate this shift in attitude. The curriculum, which had relied on decades for an "organizing framework" on the "melting pot" metaphor, began to employ the alternative notion of the "American mosaic."

Multiculturalism, in the context of the "American Mosaic," celebrates the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some who seek to preserve their native languages ​​and lifestyles. In a sense, individuals can be Americans and at the same time claim other identities, including those based on racial and ethnic heritage, gender, and sexual preference.

4.  Post Modernism and Popular Culture.

The Term "Post Modernism" first entered the Philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of the Postmodern Condition by Jean - Francois Lyotard.

Postmodernism and Popular Culture bring together eleven recent essays by Angela McRobbie in a collection that deals with issues that have dominated cultural studies over the last ten years.
A key theme is the notion of post-modernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explores everyday life as a site of immense social and psychological complexity which she argues that scholars of cultural studies must return through ethnic and empirical work; The sound of living voices and spoken language. She also argues for feminists in the field to continue to question the place and meaning of feminist theory in a postmodern society. In addition, she examines the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social change.
Bringing together complex ideas about cultural studies today in a lively and accessible format.

Popular Culture is the entirely of ideas, perspective, attitudes, images and
other Phenomena that are within the main stream of a given Culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.

There are four main types of popular cultural Studies analyses like:

[1] Postmodernism:

Postmodernism is a range of conceptual frameworks and ideologies that are defined in opposition to those often attributed to modernism and modernist notions of knowledge and science, such as materialism, realism, positivism, formalism, structuralism, and reductionism. Postmodernist approaches are critical to the possibility of objective knowledge of the real world, and to consider the ways in which social dynamics such as power and hierarchy affect human conceptualizations of the world. In contrast to the modernist paradigm, postmodernist thought often emphasizes idealism, constructivism, relativism, pluralism and skepticism in its approach to knowledge and understanding.

It is not a philosophical movement in itself, but rather, incorporates a number of philosophical and critical methods that can be considered 'postmodern'; The most familiar include feminism and post-structuralism. Put another way, postmodernism is not a method of doing philosophy, but rather a way of approaching traditional ideas and practices in non-traditional ways that deviate from pre-established super structural modes. This has had difficulties in defining what postmodernism actually means or should mean and currently is a complex and controversial concept, which continues to be debated. The idea of ​​the postmodern gained momentum through the 1950s before the dominating literature, art and intellectual scene of the 1960s. Postmodernism's origins are generally accepted as being conceived in art around the end of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the stultifying legacy. Modern art continued to expand into other disciplines during the early twentieth century as a reaction against modernism in general.

[2] Popular culture:

Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are preferred by an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture, especially the Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century. Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.

Popular culture is often viewed as trivial and dumped-down in order to find consensual acceptance throughout the mainstream. As a result, it comes under heavy criticism from various non-mainstream sources (most notably religious groups and countercultural groups) which deem it superficial, consumerist, sensationalist, and corrupted.

The term "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier to the education and general "cult redness" of the lower classes, as was delivered in an address in England. The term began to assume the meaning of a culture of the lower classes separately (and sometimes to the contrary) toward "true education" of the end of the century, a usage that became established by the antebellum period. The current meaning of the term, culture for mass consumption, especially originating in the United States, is established by the end of World War II's abbreviated form "pop culture" dates to the 1960s.


5. Post Colonial Studies.

Post Colonial theory is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to Cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.

The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western ways of thinking, thus creating space for subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and to produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the term post-colonialism is taken literally, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This is, however, problematic because the 'once-colonized world' is full of "contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridist, and liminalities." In other words, it is important to accept the plural nature of the word. Post-colonialism, as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era. By some definitions, post-colonialism can also be seen as a continuation of colonialism, albeit through different or new relationships regarding power and the control / production of knowledge. Due to these similarities, it is debated whether hyphenate post-colonialism to symbolize that we have fully moved beyond colonialism.

These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.

Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions that underlie the "logic" of colonialism are still active forces today. Some postcolonial theorists make the argument that both dominant knowledge sets and marginalized ones perpetuate binary opposites as homogenous entities. Homi K. Bhabha feels that the postcolonial world should blend spaces of Valorize; Spaces where truth and authenticity move aside for ambiguity. This space of hybridist, he argues, offers the most profound challenge to colonialism. Critiques that Bhabha ignores Spaak's stated usefulness of essentialism have been put forward. Reference is made to essentialisms' potential usefulness. An organized voice provides a more powerful challenge to dominant knowledge - whether in academia or active protests.


Conclusion

These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it. 

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