Name : Sejal N. Solanki
Roll No. : 27
Semester : 2.
Batch : 2019 - 2021
Enrollment No. : 2069108420200037
Email : sejal.solanki3107@gmail.com
Class : M.A. Sem : 2.
Paper : 8. ( Cultural Studies )
Topic : Five Type of Cultural Studies
Submitted by Dr. Dilip Barad
Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumar singhji Bhavnagar University.
CULTURAL STUDIES
Culture is part of our day to day life. Now we know what is Culture? And What is Cultural Studies ?. Culture is derives from the Latin word 'cultura.' to 'honor' and 'protect'. Culture is a symbolic communication. Culture is the knowledge of systems shared by a relatively large group of people. "Culture is the learned behavior of a society or a subgroup." Now we begin with British Cultural Materialism, and New Historicism, and American Multiculturalism, etc.
What is culture? : -
· The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement are regarded collectively.
· The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.
Five types of Cultural Studies
1.British Cultural Materialism.
Cultural Studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism in Britain." Matthew Arnold redefine the givens to British culture.
Edward Tylor argued that "Culture or civilization taken in it's widest ethnographic sense is a complex whole which ' includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold's analyses of bourgeois culture.
Matthew Arnold seeks to redline the "givens" of British culture. To appreciate the importance of this revision of the "culture" we must situate within the controlling myth of the social and political reality of the British Empire over which the sun never set, an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for "Culture" developed into one of the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered the community into the past; Here, the culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past. Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F.R. Leavis sought to use the educational system to distribute literary knowledge and appreciation more widely promoted in the "great tradition" of Shakespeare and Milton than the readers of a wider range of moral sensibilities.
Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanized and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russain formalist Bakhtn, especially his amplification of the dialogical form of communal, individual and social.
Culture stand is referred to as' culture materialism in Britain and it. It has a long tradition. In the late nineteenth century, Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the '' giving of British culture Edward Burnet Tyler's pioneering anthropological study in primitive culture or civilization taken in the widest anthropology sense is a complete whole that includes knowledge, beliefs' or morals General Chat Chat Lounge Law custom and any other capacities' and habits acquired by man as a way of society.
Cultural Materialism began in 1950's with the work of F. R. Leavis and heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold. Raymond Williams talks about attributes of working class and Elite class. " There are no masses ; there are only ways of seeing people as masses."
2. New Historicism.
New Historicism is a school of literary theory, first developed in 1980. The term 'New historicism' was created by the American critic Stephen Greenbellts. New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that Literature should be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic.
"New historicism is that it is a method based on the parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts, usually of the same historical period."
"Text is historical and history is textual."
- Michael Wallner.
As a return to historical scholarship, new historicalism concerns itself with extra-literary matters — letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises — looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text. New historicists seek "surprising coincidences" that may cross-borrow in metaphor, historical, and cultural lines of metaphor, ceremony, or popular culture. The new historicism rejects the periodization of history in favor of the ordering history only through the interplay of forms of power.
New Historicism focuses on the way literature expresses — and sometimes disguises — power relations in the social context in which the literature was produced, often involving connections between a literary work and other types of texts. Literature is often shown to "negotiate" conflicting power interests. New historicalism has made its mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic period and revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing. Much new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified as witches, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.
What did Jonathan Swift mean when he gave that name to Gulliver's Travels of the Third Voyage in the Flying Island? It is a question of the political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for culturally developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that commanded the past in the hearth culture acted in preserve of its sacred function as the past.
3. American Multiculturalism.
As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the Pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States. American multiculturalism was come into existence in 1964 with the passing Civil Right Act.
" Every American should understand Mexico from the point of view of the observer of the conquest and of the history before the conquest...."
The idea that American identity is vested in a commitment to core values expressed in the American Creed and the ideals of exceptionalism raises a fundamental concern that has been the source of considerable debate. Is American identity meaningfully established by a commitment to core values and ideals among a population that is becoming increasingly heterogeneous? Since the 1960s, scholars and political activists recognize that the "melting pot" concept fails to recognize that immigrant groups do not, and should not, abandon their distinctive identities, embracing multiculturalism and diversity. Racial and ethnic groups maintain many of their basic traits and cultural traits, while at the same time changing their orientations through marriage and interactions with other groups in society. The American Studies curriculum serves to illustrate this shift in attitude. The curriculum, which had relied on decades for an "organizing framework" on the "melting pot" metaphor, began to employ the alternative notion of the "American mosaic."
Multiculturalism, in the context of the "American Mosaic," celebrates the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some who seek to preserve their native languages and lifestyles. In a sense, individuals can be Americans and at the same time claim other identities, including those based on racial and ethnic heritage, gender, and sexual preference.
4. Post Modernism and Popular Culture.
The Term "Post Modernism" first entered the Philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of the Postmodern Condition by Jean - Francois Lyotard.
Postmodernism and Popular Culture bring together eleven recent essays by Angela McRobbie in a collection that deals with issues that have dominated cultural studies over the last ten years.
A key theme is the notion of post-modernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explores everyday life as a site of immense social and psychological complexity which she argues that scholars of cultural studies must return through ethnic and empirical work; The sound of living voices and spoken language. She also argues for feminists in the field to continue to question the place and meaning of feminist theory in a postmodern society. In addition, she examines the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social change.
Bringing together complex ideas about cultural studies today in a lively and accessible format.
Popular Culture is the entirely of ideas, perspective, attitudes, images and
other Phenomena that are within the main stream of a given Culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.
There are four main types of popular cultural Studies analyses like:
[1] Postmodernism:
Postmodernism is a range of conceptual frameworks and ideologies that are defined in opposition to those often attributed to modernism and modernist notions of knowledge and science, such as materialism, realism, positivism, formalism, structuralism, and reductionism. Postmodernist approaches are critical to the possibility of objective knowledge of the real world, and to consider the ways in which social dynamics such as power and hierarchy affect human conceptualizations of the world. In contrast to the modernist paradigm, postmodernist thought often emphasizes idealism, constructivism, relativism, pluralism and skepticism in its approach to knowledge and understanding.
It is not a philosophical movement in itself, but rather, incorporates a number of philosophical and critical methods that can be considered 'postmodern'; The most familiar include feminism and post-structuralism. Put another way, postmodernism is not a method of doing philosophy, but rather a way of approaching traditional ideas and practices in non-traditional ways that deviate from pre-established super structural modes. This has had difficulties in defining what postmodernism actually means or should mean and currently is a complex and controversial concept, which continues to be debated. The idea of the postmodern gained momentum through the 1950s before the dominating literature, art and intellectual scene of the 1960s. Postmodernism's origins are generally accepted as being conceived in art around the end of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the stultifying legacy. Modern art continued to expand into other disciplines during the early twentieth century as a reaction against modernism in general.
[2] Popular culture:
Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are preferred by an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture, especially the Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century. Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.
Popular culture is often viewed as trivial and dumped-down in order to find consensual acceptance throughout the mainstream. As a result, it comes under heavy criticism from various non-mainstream sources (most notably religious groups and countercultural groups) which deem it superficial, consumerist, sensationalist, and corrupted.
The term "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier to the education and general "cult redness" of the lower classes, as was delivered in an address in England. The term began to assume the meaning of a culture of the lower classes separately (and sometimes to the contrary) toward "true education" of the end of the century, a usage that became established by the antebellum period. The current meaning of the term, culture for mass consumption, especially originating in the United States, is established by the end of World War II's abbreviated form "pop culture" dates to the 1960s.
5. Post Colonial Studies.
Post Colonial theory is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to Cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.
The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western ways of thinking, thus creating space for subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and to produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the term post-colonialism is taken literally, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This is, however, problematic because the 'once-colonized world' is full of "contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridist, and liminalities." In other words, it is important to accept the plural nature of the word. Post-colonialism, as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era. By some definitions, post-colonialism can also be seen as a continuation of colonialism, albeit through different or new relationships regarding power and the control / production of knowledge. Due to these similarities, it is debated whether hyphenate post-colonialism to symbolize that we have fully moved beyond colonialism.
These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.
Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions that underlie the "logic" of colonialism are still active forces today. Some postcolonial theorists make the argument that both dominant knowledge sets and marginalized ones perpetuate binary opposites as homogenous entities. Homi K. Bhabha feels that the postcolonial world should blend spaces of Valorize; Spaces where truth and authenticity move aside for ambiguity. This space of hybridist, he argues, offers the most profound challenge to colonialism. Critiques that Bhabha ignores Spaak's stated usefulness of essentialism have been put forward. Reference is made to essentialisms' potential usefulness. An organized voice provides a more powerful challenge to dominant knowledge - whether in academia or active protests.
Conclusion
These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.
Thank you ....
CULTURAL STUDIES
Culture is part of our day to day life. Now we know what is Culture? And What is Cultural Studies ?. Culture is derives from the Latin word 'cultura.' to 'honor' and 'protect'. Culture is a symbolic communication. Culture is the knowledge of systems shared by a relatively large group of people. "Culture is the learned behavior of a society or a subgroup." Now we begin with British Cultural Materialism, and New Historicism, and American Multiculturalism, etc.
What is culture? : -
· The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement are regarded collectively.
· The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.
What is Culture? Or Definition of Culture: -
Definition of Culture: -
Culture is the specialty of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Today, in the United States as other countries populated largely by immigrants, the culture is influenced by the many groups of people that now make up the country.
What is Cultural Studies?
Definition: -
Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which "culture" creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.
Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which "culture" creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Research and teaching in the field explores the relationships between cultures understood as human expressive and symbolic activities, and cultures as distinct ways of life. Combining the strengths of the social sciences and the humanities, cultural studies draws on methods and theories from literary studies, sociology, communication studies, history, cultural anthropology, and economics. By working across the boundaries of these fields, cultural studies address new questions and problems of today's world. Rather than seeking answers that will hold all the time, cultural studies develop flexible tools that adapt to this rapidly changing world.
Cultural life is not only concerned with symbolic communication, it is also the domain in which we set collective tasks for ourselves and begin to grapple with them as changing communities. Cultural studies are devoted to understanding the processes through which societies and diverse groups come to terms with their history, community life, and the challenges of the future.
Cultural Studies explores culture, power, and identity. In Cultural Studies, we analyze a wide variety of forms of cultural expression, such as TV, film, advertising, literature, art, and video games. As well, we study social and cultural practices, such as shopping, cell phone use, and social justice movements. We are concerned with thinking about identity and social roles, including gender, sexuality, race, class, and nation. Cultural studies research and teaching seeks to be self-critical, self-reflexive, and engaged. It challenges dominant or “normal” assumptions about who we are, in relation to others, and how.
“Culture has two aspects: the known meanings and directions in which its members are trained; The new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested. These are the ordinary processes of human societies and human minds, and we see through them a culture of nature: that it is always both traditional and creative; That is both the most common common meanings and the best individual meanings. We use the word culture in these two senses: to mean a whole way of life - the common meanings; to mean the arts and learning - the discovery and creative effort of special processes. " - Raymond Williams.
"To educate as freedom of practice is a way that anyone can learn. That learning process comes easiest to those of us who teach us who also believe that there is an aspect of our vocation that is sacred; Who believes that our work is not only to share information but also to share in the intellectual and spiritual growth of our students. " - Bell Hooks.
"It is the underlying philosophical nature that gives this program significance. What one thinks they know about popular cultural can become completely destabilized and reorganized to create a completely different understanding of the world in which we live. It is in this way that cultural studies explore larger layers of significance and meaning in world. It reveals aspects of the familiar that are hidden, confusing and meaningful. ”
Cultural studies traces the relationships between aesthetic, anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction. Cultural studies scholars and practitioners often begin by questioning the common understandings, beliefs, and histories that shape our world. This type of inquiry assumes that culture is not a fact to be understood and explained. What demands attention is how culture constitutes diverse worlds and how it can be mobilized to change those worlds.
Cultural studies relies on interdisciplinary research on the formation of knowledge, power, and difference. Cultural Studies scholars and practitioners explore the constructions of race, class, ability, citizenship, gender, and sexuality to understand their structures and practices of domination and resistance that shape contemporary societies. Many different topics surface as part of this exploration: everyday practices that structure and reception of cultural artefacts; relations between producers and consumers in the circulation of global commodities; Claims to membership in particular communities as they undergo transformation.
After discussion of what is culture? And what is cultural studies? Let's elaborate types of cultural studies.
Five Types of Cultural Studies: -
As we know that
1. First,: - Cultural studies transcends the confines of a particular discipline such as literary criticism or history. Cultural studies involve scrutinizing the text of a cultural phenomenon and drawing conclusions about changes in textual phenomena over time.
2. Second, cultural studies are politically engaged. Cultural critics see themselves as "oppositional," not only within their own disciplines but to many of the power structures of society at large.
3.Third, cultural studies denies the separation of "high" and "low" or elite and popular (mass) cultures. Rather than determining which "best" works are produced, cultural critics describe what is produced and how different productions relate to one another. Cultural critics aim to reveal the political, economic reasons why a certain cultural product is more baled at times than others.
4. Finally,: - Cultural studies analyzes not only the cultural work, but also the means of production. Cultural studies joins subjectivity - that is, engagement in culture to relate to individual lives - a direct approach to attacking social ills.
Five types of Cultural Studies
1.British Cultural Materialism.
Cultural Studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism in Britain." Matthew Arnold redefine the givens to British culture.
Edward Tylor argued that "Culture or civilization taken in it's widest ethnographic sense is a complex whole which ' includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold's analyses of bourgeois culture.
Matthew Arnold seeks to redline the "givens" of British culture. To appreciate the importance of this revision of the "culture" we must situate within the controlling myth of the social and political reality of the British Empire over which the sun never set, an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for "Culture" developed into one of the past and the feudal hierarchies that ordered the community into the past; Here, the culture acted in its sacred function as preserver of the past. Cultural materialism began to earn in the 1950s with the work of F.R. Leavis sought to use the educational system to distribute literary knowledge and appreciation more widely promoted in the "great tradition" of Shakespeare and Milton than the readers of a wider range of moral sensibilities.
Cultural materialists also turned to the more humanized and even spiritual insights of the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russain formalist Bakhtn, especially his amplification of the dialogical form of communal, individual and social.
Culture stand is referred to as' culture materialism in Britain and it. It has a long tradition. In the late nineteenth century, Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the '' giving of British culture Edward Burnet Tyler's pioneering anthropological study in primitive culture or civilization taken in the widest anthropology sense is a complete whole that includes knowledge, beliefs' or morals General Chat Chat Lounge Law custom and any other capacities' and habits acquired by man as a way of society.
Cultural Materialism began in 1950's with the work of F. R. Leavis and heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold. Raymond Williams talks about attributes of working class and Elite class. " There are no masses ; there are only ways of seeing people as masses."
2. New Historicism.
New Historicism is a school of literary theory, first developed in 1980. The term 'New historicism' was created by the American critic Stephen Greenbellts. New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that Literature should be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic.
"New historicism is that it is a method based on the parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts, usually of the same historical period."
"Text is historical and history is textual."
- Michael Wallner.
As a return to historical scholarship, new historicalism concerns itself with extra-literary matters — letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises — looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text. New historicists seek "surprising coincidences" that may cross-borrow in metaphor, historical, and cultural lines of metaphor, ceremony, or popular culture. The new historicism rejects the periodization of history in favor of the ordering history only through the interplay of forms of power.
New Historicism focuses on the way literature expresses — and sometimes disguises — power relations in the social context in which the literature was produced, often involving connections between a literary work and other types of texts. Literature is often shown to "negotiate" conflicting power interests. New historicalism has made its mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic period and revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing. Much new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those identified as witches, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.
What did Jonathan Swift mean when he gave that name to Gulliver's Travels of the Third Voyage in the Flying Island? It is a question of the political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an ideology left over from the past century. In modern Britain two trajectories for culturally developed one led back to the past and the feudal hierarchies that commanded the past in the hearth culture acted in preserve of its sacred function as the past.
3. American Multiculturalism.
As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the Pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States. American multiculturalism was come into existence in 1964 with the passing Civil Right Act.
" Every American should understand Mexico from the point of view of the observer of the conquest and of the history before the conquest...."
The idea that American identity is vested in a commitment to core values expressed in the American Creed and the ideals of exceptionalism raises a fundamental concern that has been the source of considerable debate. Is American identity meaningfully established by a commitment to core values and ideals among a population that is becoming increasingly heterogeneous? Since the 1960s, scholars and political activists recognize that the "melting pot" concept fails to recognize that immigrant groups do not, and should not, abandon their distinctive identities, embracing multiculturalism and diversity. Racial and ethnic groups maintain many of their basic traits and cultural traits, while at the same time changing their orientations through marriage and interactions with other groups in society. The American Studies curriculum serves to illustrate this shift in attitude. The curriculum, which had relied on decades for an "organizing framework" on the "melting pot" metaphor, began to employ the alternative notion of the "American mosaic."
Multiculturalism, in the context of the "American Mosaic," celebrates the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some who seek to preserve their native languages and lifestyles. In a sense, individuals can be Americans and at the same time claim other identities, including those based on racial and ethnic heritage, gender, and sexual preference.
4. Post Modernism and Popular Culture.
The Term "Post Modernism" first entered the Philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of the Postmodern Condition by Jean - Francois Lyotard.
Postmodernism and Popular Culture bring together eleven recent essays by Angela McRobbie in a collection that deals with issues that have dominated cultural studies over the last ten years.
A key theme is the notion of post-modernity as a space for social change and political potential. McRobbie explores everyday life as a site of immense social and psychological complexity which she argues that scholars of cultural studies must return through ethnic and empirical work; The sound of living voices and spoken language. She also argues for feminists in the field to continue to question the place and meaning of feminist theory in a postmodern society. In addition, she examines the new youth cultures as images of social change and signs of profound social change.
Bringing together complex ideas about cultural studies today in a lively and accessible format.
Popular Culture is the entirely of ideas, perspective, attitudes, images and
other Phenomena that are within the main stream of a given Culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.
There are four main types of popular cultural Studies analyses like:
[1] Postmodernism:
Postmodernism is a range of conceptual frameworks and ideologies that are defined in opposition to those often attributed to modernism and modernist notions of knowledge and science, such as materialism, realism, positivism, formalism, structuralism, and reductionism. Postmodernist approaches are critical to the possibility of objective knowledge of the real world, and to consider the ways in which social dynamics such as power and hierarchy affect human conceptualizations of the world. In contrast to the modernist paradigm, postmodernist thought often emphasizes idealism, constructivism, relativism, pluralism and skepticism in its approach to knowledge and understanding.
It is not a philosophical movement in itself, but rather, incorporates a number of philosophical and critical methods that can be considered 'postmodern'; The most familiar include feminism and post-structuralism. Put another way, postmodernism is not a method of doing philosophy, but rather a way of approaching traditional ideas and practices in non-traditional ways that deviate from pre-established super structural modes. This has had difficulties in defining what postmodernism actually means or should mean and currently is a complex and controversial concept, which continues to be debated. The idea of the postmodern gained momentum through the 1950s before the dominating literature, art and intellectual scene of the 1960s. Postmodernism's origins are generally accepted as being conceived in art around the end of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the stultifying legacy. Modern art continued to expand into other disciplines during the early twentieth century as a reaction against modernism in general.
[2] Popular culture:
Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are preferred by an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture, especially the Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century. Heavily influenced by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.
Popular culture is often viewed as trivial and dumped-down in order to find consensual acceptance throughout the mainstream. As a result, it comes under heavy criticism from various non-mainstream sources (most notably religious groups and countercultural groups) which deem it superficial, consumerist, sensationalist, and corrupted.
The term "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier to the education and general "cult redness" of the lower classes, as was delivered in an address in England. The term began to assume the meaning of a culture of the lower classes separately (and sometimes to the contrary) toward "true education" of the end of the century, a usage that became established by the antebellum period. The current meaning of the term, culture for mass consumption, especially originating in the United States, is established by the end of World War II's abbreviated form "pop culture" dates to the 1960s.
5. Post Colonial Studies.
Post Colonial theory is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to Cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.
The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western ways of thinking, thus creating space for subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and to produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the term post-colonialism is taken literally, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This is, however, problematic because the 'once-colonized world' is full of "contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridist, and liminalities." In other words, it is important to accept the plural nature of the word. Post-colonialism, as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era. By some definitions, post-colonialism can also be seen as a continuation of colonialism, albeit through different or new relationships regarding power and the control / production of knowledge. Due to these similarities, it is debated whether hyphenate post-colonialism to symbolize that we have fully moved beyond colonialism.
These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.
Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions that underlie the "logic" of colonialism are still active forces today. Some postcolonial theorists make the argument that both dominant knowledge sets and marginalized ones perpetuate binary opposites as homogenous entities. Homi K. Bhabha feels that the postcolonial world should blend spaces of Valorize; Spaces where truth and authenticity move aside for ambiguity. This space of hybridist, he argues, offers the most profound challenge to colonialism. Critiques that Bhabha ignores Spaak's stated usefulness of essentialism have been put forward. Reference is made to essentialisms' potential usefulness. An organized voice provides a more powerful challenge to dominant knowledge - whether in academia or active protests.
Conclusion
These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.
Thank you ....
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