Thursday, September 5, 2019

Hamlet : Thinking Activity

HAMLET : Thinking Activity 
# Post Viewing  And  Pre-viewing Task




Hello Reader ...

• " Hamlet - The Prince of Denmark" was returned by a well known Elizabethan playwriter William Shakespeare. On 14 - August - 2019 on an academic movie-screening of Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet organised by Dr.Dilip Sir Barad at Department of English , M. K. B. University. In this movie we know the whole story of Hamlet.
     
                                        Shakespeare

Pre Viewing Task : 
Hamlet Short Summary.... : 
         
            

• Hamlet is a story about the protagonist Madness , dual personality and ego. Hamlet full title "Hamlet - The Prince of Denmark."

• Prince Hamlet mourns both his father's health and his mother, Queen Gertrude's remarriage to Claudius. The ghost of Hemlet's father appears to him and tell him that Claudius has poisoned him. Hamlet swears revenge. He arranges an old play whose story has a parallel to that of Claudius.

• Hamlet behaviour is considered mad. He kills the eavesdropping Polonius , the court Chamberlain, by thrusting his sword through ba curtain. Polonius's son Laertes returns to Denmark to avenge his father's​ death. Polonius's daughter Ophelia loves the Prince but his brutael behaviour drives her to madness. Ophelia dies by drowning.

• A duel takes place and ends with the death of Gertrude , Laertes , Claudius and Hamlet. Themes discussed in the plot include indecision , seeking , revenge and  retribution , deception , ambition , loyalty and fate.

• Task given by Dr. DILIP BARAD SIR for checking what is the task Click here.
 

• Post viewing Task : 

# How faithful is the movie to the Original Play?
   

Ans : Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' was the faithful version to the original play. Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' was appreciated to the Original Play. This movie was so long but whole movie kept all things and every sin and every act. In this play Kenneth Branagh minute all characters. Shakespeare's Original Play and Kenneth Branagh's discription of character and about mystery are similar. Shakespeare's play shows superiority and also it was variable in Elizabeth Age. The Original Play shows highly emotional and much deeper things and it shows reality of all characters. In story of Hamlet Influenced very good in both Shakespeare's Original Play and Kenneth Branagh's movie.

:- Original Play is Located in 11th century Denmark so we can't expect more things similar. Batman movie directed that is 16 century so the director changed setting, customs and that makes that interesting as per the audience. This is typical shakespearean play but sometime for reader and audience that hard to understood. But Kenneth Branagh's​ movie Hamlet and also Shakespeare's Original Hamlet both are Praise Worthy Work.

# After watching the movie, have your prescription about play, character and situation changed? 

Ans : Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' is very good, faithful presentation of the Shakespeare's original play Hamlet there is no need to make changed in movie and Shakespeare's Original 'Hamlet'​ are good work.

:- In the beginning of the movie ' Hamlet ' , Hamlet following to his father's ghost and that time he talked with his father. And father Hamlet told to Hamlet how how is own brother Claudius killed to him. After his death his mother Gertrude marry with his uncle Claudius. These all things are painful for Hamlet, because suddenly his father died and after his father's death his mother marry with his uncle.

:- I have sympathy for sweet lady Ophelia , because all the characters are suffering, because of his own fault. But a failure is the One character who suffers in very critical situation and pay price for that things that she doesn't do. She is the victim of dirty politics. Her fault that she loves Hamlet. But Hamlet treachery with Ophelia. He told to go to Nunnery. Now listen this word Nunnery how he feels and think about her condition.

# Do you feel 'aesthetic delight' while watching the movie? If Yes , exactly when did it happen? If No, can you explain with reasons? 

Ans : Yes Sir , We feel 'Asthetic Delight' while watching the movie Hamlet. When we watch movie so many great dialogues of all characters any character of Hamlet is more attractive for audience. Literature has tremendous capacity to give that pleasure. If you observe them closely at that time his soliloquies , and visible madness , his hearted , his satirical laughter , ambiguity , sequence of character , split personality and intrigues in the play , character of sweet lady Ophelia love of brother and sister ,(Leartes and Ophelia) appearance of Ghost and also in mirror scene , gives me wonderful delight. Hamlet's words " Forty thousand brother can not equal to my Love." is excellent words and after this statement of Hamlet Horatio told to him " there are many things in this world which is not in our book of philosophy my friend." Its look like universal truth.

Do you feel ‘catharsis’ while or after watching movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons?

Ans : In the beginning Hamlet follow his father's Ghost and you also talks with him. The time king Hamlet explain to him how he killed by his own brother Claudius while he is sleeping outside. How is own brother Claudius was seducing queen Gertrude before his death. And also when gertrude married with his husbands small brother Claudius and that is the painful for Hamlet. And all this description fails sympathy for him and terror of painful death. In last, Ophelia the Catharsis happened to me for our tragic Hero Hamlet. ' Good man comes to a bad end.' because of her error of judgement. Hamlet kill claudius when he was praying then he might have able to take his revenge and save his life. But he can't it do that and in last he have tragic and I was the Philosopher's says. A Prince (Protagonist) come to tragic end. At the end of the play stage is full of dead bodies and this creates catharsis.

Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play?

Ans :  movie was much interesting some characters are attract others and have our attention in every moment. In that movie director add so much emotions feelings and we feels that very much emotion like life of love , hate , sympathy , compassion and sorrow. Is movie is the great achievement of the Kenneth Branagh I am also of the artist that they create very tremendous world of imagination. All the characters roll very good and that they played in very interesting pay and take kept our attention
thoroughly. In all characters with find One character or failure was innocent and charming lady. But she suffers a lot in this play, she was not part of the dirty politics but she suffering without her fault. She was the only victim of the dirty politics. Her only fault that she loves Prince Hamlet and she wan't to marry with him.
   

:- I have sympathy for sweet lady Ophelia , because all the characters are suffering because of his own food but or failure is One character who suffers in very critical situation and price for third things that she doesn't do. Hamlet treachery with a failure and you also told to her to go to Nunnery what is the condition of a Ophelia after listen this word.

:- The Last of the movie open ya also die and his brother deities his father also died. Hamlet takes his revenge to Claudius and also kill his wife queen Gertrude. If Hamlet kill claudius when he was praying then he might have able to take his revenge and save his life but he can't do that in the last he have tragic and as philosopher says a prince come to touch the candle at the end of the place stage is full of dead bodies. And in last scene Fortinbras come to kill but I am late already died. So Fortinbras do hamlet's Burial ceremony.

Was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime?

Ans :  In play endless scenes that we carish lifetime. These play wealthy in attractive scenes. And also we show many fabulous scene that we can't forgot. In first scene when hamlet's ghost come to talk with Prince Hamlet , some soliloquy of Prince Hamlet , Ophelia's poetry in madness , mirror scene , etc scenes we can't forgot and we memories life time.


 # If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’?

  Ans : Kenneth Brenagh's movie was the best movie and will do good work on this movie. He kept all such things from Shakespeare's Hamlet. Kenneth Brenagh's movie is very good and way of presentation is the faithful to the Original Play. People shows that with interest, and in this movie no need to change anything. First thing i don't think i made that types of movie like Hamlet. Movie was not much interesting and some time we get tired when we watch movie. This movie including in top 3 (three) movie who's made by Plays. But if I'm director I change some scene and make movie interesting as audience requirements , length of the movie is unnecessary so people get tired and some time they can't have internet in movie. But when we show movie was the faithful to the Original Play and it's help to understand the play plot very well. 

  # In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you read in this? (Clue: In Book IX of'Paradise Lost', Satan reflects on his revenge motive:       "But what will not ambition andrevenge; Descend to? Who aspires must down as low; As high he soared, obnoxious, first or last, To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet, Bitter ere long back on itself recoils." Is it not King Hamlet's ambition to avenge his death responsible for the downfall of his kingdom which is symbolically pictured in last scenes?)


  Ans :  The play Hamlet starts with the Statue of the great Hamlet in the movie. Kenneth brenagh's start with the symbol of the Statue. Symbol play a vital role in all things like movie and T.V. words can't more helpful to express our feelings but movies and TV help very well. Symbol tries to show the things which we can't express with words and also symbols create our curiosity more. 
   Words give us a particular imagination and limits but symbols Express more. This play's ideology is great.

  :- The play opens with the name HAMLET written on the wall of the castle of Elsinore, and ends even with broken statue of the KING HAMLET. It is a significant that ends of everything the circle is complete. From where is Big guns and also and on that fall of the Statue of Hamlet. Same thing happened in the story of doctor faustus when doctor fosters throw the cross and the holy book Bible that means God reject him. Money symbol flourished in the play Hamlet. The Fall of the Hamlet's statue is shows the end of Hamlet and no one live occupant this kingdom. It give us message of revenge , fight etc. And we can compare this play with MAHABHARATA .  Mahabharat that it is also concerned with family war and Throne. And in last of the play Hamlet no one leave occupant this Kingdom. 


  # While studying the play through movie, which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why? Give reasons with illustrations.

  Ans :  The play Hamlet the story about the protagonist Hamlet's fall. To appreciate one approach is not enough we can use different perspective for better understanding. But we know the madness of Hamlet, and also Gertrude's marriage was morally good or bad, and it also used for the character of Ophelia and also her Madness after the death of his father. So I think I am using psychological approach pathetic movie. So we can apply psychological approach for better understanding of the ambiguous Hamlet. But there are culture , biographical, historical, moral , philosophical and other approaches are also perfect but I think most perfect approach is a formalist one. This one says that for understanding of any TEXT WORK itself is the best source. Nobody is busy no we can't need to study biography of writer. What is write in book that is more important to understand it not to writer. Text is the best source to evaluate action of the work. The true beauty of play lies in the words arranged beautifully by the writer. 

  # Which of the above mentioned approaches (in Pre-viewing task) appeals you more than other?Why? Give reasons.

  Ans :  While watching the movie I found Two approaches is Feminine approach and Psychological approach.  In movie or In original play concept is same but way of telling are different. Kenneth Brenagh told whole story presentation ( by showing ) and Shakespeare wrote this story but plot is same. After the death of King Hamlet Gertrude remarriage with his husband's smaller brother Claudius after this Hamlet hearts but woman have right to live her life freely. And also Hamlet obsessed Ophelia. 
  Ophelia is the lover of hamlet. And Hamlet also misbehaving with her. 

  :- I wrote so many things about the play Hamlet now I'm concluding Thinking activity on the play Hamlet , that is given by our Sir Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. And I also say Thank you to him for this Interesting Task.

   :-- Thank you......




Monday, September 2, 2019

The Purpose by T. P. Kailasam

# Thinking Activity - 1.
# Indian Writing in English 
# The Purpose written by T.P. Kailasam.

# The task given by our Vaidehi mam about the play " The Purpose" writen by T. P. Kailasam part of our Paper of Indian Writing in English.
• T. P. Kailasam (1884 - 1946 ) was prominent playwright , poet and writer of English and Kannada language.

• His famous plays are
1. The Brahmin's Curse
2. Fulfilment
3. The Burden
4. The Purpose

• This play divided into Two acts.
• The main characters : Arjuna , Drona , and Eklavya.
• The centre theme based on Adi Parva of The Mahabharata.
• The Purpose of learning Archery.
# Post Task...

Que.1 : compare and contrast Arjun Eklavya's character?
Ans.1 : " The Purpose" written by well known writer T. P. Kailasam. In this book kailasam wrote about the two great archery Arjun and Eklavya. Arjun was a Kshatriya belongs to Powerful upper caste and he was arrogant and prodigal prince he was Pandavas brother. Eklavya was week person from lower caste and he was a severe of animal of jungle helps all the person and all animals.


     Arjuna was the prince of Hastinapur and son of Pandu. Eklavya was weak person from lower caste but he knows very well Archery. Arjuna was know great archery. Arjun as Guru Dronacharya was give whole knowledge about Archery and other shastra vidhya to give all khatriya's. But Eklavya make Idol of Dronacharya for the purpose of knowledge of Achery and also without any information and without any guidance and knowledge. But Eklavya was have good knowledge of Archary from Arjuna. That's why Dronacharya wants Eklavya thumb.
And also Arjun can't compare himself with Eklavya because he have same knowledge of great Aakhri without any teacher. But also he gives his thumb to Dronacharya because he think he was his teacher. Eklavya was the great example of student.

Que.2 : What is subaltern? Who do you think is the Subaltern in this play ? Explain with examples.
Ans.2 : As spot the meaning of subaltern and as per our professor Dr. Heenaba zala mam says in her thinking subaltern is someone with a lower ranking in our social and political or other hierarchy.
 
 Arjuna was the prince of Hastinapur and he belongs to upper class family and Eklavya was a Nishadha boy. He belongs to weak person of lower caste. I think and also as a writer says Eklavya was the subaltern person in the Play. Because he was coming from lower caste and I think and also as writer says Eklavya was Subaltern because he can't have any kind of knowledge and he was belongs to weak person and lower class. You can't have any political power and money and he was a simple person. That's why Eklavya was a subaltern. Because he can't have any e knowledge about Archery but he know very well Archery.


Que.3 : Write your views about education system in India with reference to past and present time.
Ans.3 : As per my views about education system in India was very poor in past time only coming have knowledge of others and all things like , Kshatriya have knowledge about the fighting and brahmins have knowledge about Vedas and Puran. And other caste can't have knowledge about anything because they can't learn from anywhere. Baby live on brahmins only what they are saying then at that time all people believe blindly on brahmins.
     But nowadays people have knowledge system was changed because many people come in India for the purpose of Business.  That time many people come two ruling on India. Change the education system of India. In changing education system of India Britishers and other are giving much part for changing system. Theek hai give knowledge about education and about the study. Nowadays after that we know the importance of study and be aware about education. After that we have many changes in our education system and nowadays we learn online everywhere and that is money beneficial for all the people. People learn today everywhere with Internet and it's very beneficial for us. Thats why all  people learn.

Que.4 : is Dronacharya and ideal teacher? If yes, then how? and if no, then why? explain with examples.
Ans.4 : in Mahabharat Dronacharya was the Guru of Pandavas and Kauravas he was the great teacher he gives his whole knowledge about Shastra Vidya and other things he gives to Pandavas and Kauravas. So that side he was the great teacher and ideal teacher for Pandavas and Kauravas. He helps everywhere to them and they give respect to Dronacharya.

     I say yes he was an ideal teacher then that side it is right but side of Eklavya that is wrong, it's can't give justice to Ekalvya. Because Eklavya gives his thumb to Dronacharya. Dronacharya was an ideal teacher on side of Arjuna because he gives his knowledge to only Kshatriyas. Dronacharya gives his whole knowledge about Sarkari and other sister vidyas he gives Arjun , Pandavas and Kauravas.
But side of Eklavya he was not an ideal teacher because he have a glorious Right Hand Thumb that is Golden thumb focr him and he use this thumb for Archery. He gives that Thumb to Dronacharya for his Guru Dakshina. Anton Acharya was accepted happily so that's why you was not an ideal teacher for Eklavya on my point of view. Eklavya was the great example of student.

Que.5 : write something about your experience like eklavya arjun with any teacher during the study phase till now.
And.5 : I have lots of experience from my teachers some are very good and some are not much bad but it's bad only for me not for others. But from that bad experience I learn more and have more knowledge of life and world.
    I have that types of experience but still I learn more from them as per name says and as per my views I can't mentioned any teachers name in my experience but I told time. When I am in standard I have a teacher. And better​ that he was my English teacher. He was not a partial teacher . Inspired me for all things I learnt many things from him. Give me full support of him and he helps me everywhere and all other students. So that's why I am inspired by him and he always support everyone all such things.
    Thank you mam for this interesting block task and thinking activity thank you very much.......

Sunday, September 1, 2019

Book Review : The Myth Of The Holy Cow

✨ પુસ્તકપરિચય :-

🌟 નામ : "The Myth Of The Holy Cow"
🌟 લેખક: ઇતિહાસકાર "દ્વિજેન્દ્ર ઝા"

હિન્દૂ સંસ્કૃતિમાં ગાય એ કદાચ આપણી માતા કરતા પણ ઉંચો દરજ્જો ભોગવી રહી છે. ગાય હિન્દૂ ધર્મનું પ્રતીક માનવામાં આવે છે. તેને લઈને એ હદે પ્રચાર થાય છે કે તેના રક્ષણ માટે સૈકડ઼ોં હિંસા પણ ઉચિત ઠરે. ઘણા સાચા-ખોટા પ્રચાર વડે હિંદુઓનું બ્રેઈન વોશ કરવામાં આવે છે.

પણ શું ગાય ઐતિહાસિક રીતે પૂજનીય ધાર્મિક પશુ હતું? આ સવાલનો જવાબ ઇતિહાસકાર આપણા "ભવ્ય ભૂતકાળ" માં છુપેલ સંદર્ભો અને પુરાવાઓ વડે આપી "ના" કહે છે.તેથી વિપરીત ગૌમાંસ આર્યોનું પ્રિય ભોજન હતું તેવું નિષ્કર્ષ નીકળે છે!



આ સંદર્ભોને વેદિકકાળ,અનુ-વેદિકકાળ,જૈન-બૌદ્ધ કાળ, અનુ-બૌદ્ધકાળ, બિનધાર્મિક ગ્રંથો તેમજ આદિ શંકરાચાર્ય પછીના સમય પ્રમાણે તબક્કાવાર ચકાસીએ.

✴ ઋગ્વેદમાં ઇન્દ્રને રીઝવવાની ઋચાઓ છે. જેમાંની કેટલીક ઋચાઓ આખલાના માંસ વડે ઇન્દ્રને રીઝવે છે.અન્ય ઋચામાં ઇન્દ્ર ૧૦૦ ભેંસોને આરોગી જાય છે તે વર્ણન છે. એટલું જ નહીં; ઘોડા,બળદ,આખલા,ગાય,ઘેટાં વગેરે પશુઓની બલિનું વર્ણન ઋગ્વેદમાં જોય શકાય છે.લગ્ન સમયે ગાયની બલિ ચડાવવાની પ્રથા પણ  નજરે ચડે છે.[ઋગ્વેદ.૧૦.૬૮,૧૦.૨૮,૧૦.૨૭,૬.૧૭,૮.૪૩,૧૦.૯૧,૧૦.૧૬ વગેરે] દૂધ,ઘી,ગૌમાંસ,પશુમાંસ વગેરે વેદિક દેવોના રોજિંદા ખોરાક હતા.
                

✴ અનુ-વેદિકકાળ...
બ્રાહ્મણા અને સંહિતા પૂર્વ અનુ-વેદિક બ્રાહ્મણગ્રંથો ગણાય છે;જે મૂળભૂત રીતે વેદોનું વિસ્તરણ છે.તૈત્તરીય સંહિતામાં ૧૮૦ પ્રકારની પશુબલિ અને પશુ-માંસનું વર્ણન છે.તૈત્તરીય સંહિતા.૬.૧.૭ માં ગાય બલિનું વિસ્તૃત વર્ણન છે. રાજસૂયા અને વાજપેય યજ્ઞ માટે ગાયની બલિ ઉત્તમ ગણાતી. શતપથ બ્રાહ્મણા મુજબ મારુત દેવને પ્રસન્ન કરવા ગૌમાંસ ચડાવાતું.તૈત્તરીય બ્રાહ્મણા ગાયને શુદ્ધ ભોજન કહે છે,અગત્સ્ય યજ્ઞમાં ૧૦૦ બળદોની બલિ આપે છે તેના વખાણ કરે છે.આ ગ્રંથોમાં વિસ્તારમાં પશુબલિનું વર્ણન છે ;જે મુજબ અગ્નેયદ્યેય યજ્ઞની તૈયારી માટે ગાય નું સ્થાન નક્કી કરે છે, અધ્વર્યુ (મુખ્ય કર્તા)પદ્ધતિસર પ્રાણીઓના અંગો કાપે છે. ગાયની બલિ માંગતા યજ્ઞને ગોસવ યજ્ઞ કહેવાતો. ઘોડાની બલી માંગતો અશ્વમેધ યજ્ઞ ઉચ્ચ કક્ષાનો યજ્ઞ ગણાતો.

ગૃહસૂત્રોમાં પણ પશુબલિનું સમર્થન જોઈ શકાય. રુદ્ર માટે આખલાની બલિ સારી કહેવાતી.અપસ્તંબ ધર્મસુત્રની શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં બળદ નું માંસ ખવાતું.પરાશર ધર્મસુત્ર મુજબ મૃત્યુ પછીના ૧૧માં દિવસે બ્રાહ્મણો માટે માંસ પીરસવામાં આવતું.

✴ પાશ્ચાત્ય ધર્મગ્રંથો...
મહાભારત,સ્મૃતિ,પુરાણો વગેરે સાપેક્ષે પોસ્ટ-વેદિક ગ્રંથો માનવામાં આવે છે. તેમાંના ઘણા જૈનીસ્મ અને બુદ્ધિઝમના સમકાલીન રહ્યા છે; તો કેટલાક પોસ્ટ-બુદ્ધિસ્ટ સમયના છે.
મનુસ્મૃતિએ ગાયને પવિત્ર જાહેર કરી નહતી.તેથી વિપરીત કેવા પશુઓનું માંસ ખાદ્ય છે અને કેવા પશુઓ અખાદ્ય છે તેનું વર્ણન  છે.મનુસ્મૃતિ મુજબ યજ્ઞમાં પશુબલિ કરનાર યજમાન અને બલિ ચડનાર પશુ બન્ને સ્વર્ગ પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે.યાજ્ઞવલ્કય સ્મૃતિ મજબ બ્રાહ્મણના સ્વાગત હેતુ બળદને કાપી તેનું માંસ પીરસવું જોઈએ.બૃહસ્પતિ સ્મૃતિ મુજબ ધાર્મિક નિયમો અનુસાર માંસ આરોગવામાં કોઈ અધર્મ નથી.

✴ મહાભારત ,રામાયણ અને પુરાણો...
મહાભારત મુજબ શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં ગાયના માંસથી ૧૨ મહિના સુધી પિતૃઓ તૃપ્ત રહે છે.દ્રૌપદી જયદ્રથ અને તેના સાથીઓને ૧૫ પ્રકારના હરણના માંસ પીરસવાની વાત કરે છે. પાંડવો હરણનો શિકાર કરી પ્રથમ ભાગ બ્રાહ્મણોને આપે છે અને બાદમાં તેને આરોગે છે.[મહાભારત.૩.૫૦] રાજા રતિદેવ હજારોની સંખ્યામાં ગાયોની બલિ ચડાવી ગૌમાંસ બ્રાહ્મણોને દાન કરે છે;બ્રાહ્મણોને આ રાજા અતિપ્રિય હોય છે. એવું કહેવાય છે કે પશુઓના રક્તથી ચર્મવતી નદી નો જન્મ થયો.(અત્યારની ચંબલ નદી) અનુશાસનપર્વમાં નારદ જે સામગ્રીઓ બ્રાહ્મણને દાન કરવાનું કહે છે તેમાં માંસ નો પણ ઉલ્લેખ છે.[મહાભારત.૧૩.૬૩]

રામાયણ મુજબ દશરથે પુત્રપ્રાપ્તિ માટે યજ્ઞ કર્યો  ત્યારે ૩૦૦ પશુઓની બલિ ચડાવી હતી.વનવાસ ભોગવતા રામે જયારે ઝૂંપડી બનાવી ત્યારે ગૃહપ્રવેશની વીધીહેતુ કાળિયારની બલિ ચડાવી હતી.હનુમાન જયારે સીતાને રામનું વિરહદુઃખ જણાવે છે ત્યારે ઉમેરે છે કે દુઃખી રામ માંસ પણ ખાતા નથી.

વિષ્ણુપુરાણ અનુસાર ઘોડા,બકરી,હરણ,ઘેટાને શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં ખાવા ગુણકારી છે.માર્કેન્ડય પુરાણ કહે છે કે ધાર્મિક ક્રિયા હેતુ માંસાહાર કરવાથી પાપ લાગતું નથી. પરશુરામ કહે છે કે બ્રહ્માએ પશુઓનું સર્જન ભોજન માટે કર્યું છે; તેથી પ્રયાપ્ત માત્રામાં શિકાર કરવાથી પાપ થતું નથી.

✴ બુદ્ધિઝમ અને જૈનીસ્મ...
બુદ્ધ અને મહાવીર ને અહિંસાના જનક માનવમાં આવે છે. પરંતુ બૌધ્ધો અને જૈનો પણ માંસાહાર કરતા હતા તેના સંદર્ભો હયાત છે. બુદ્દિસમ મુજબ વૈદ્યની  સલાહ,કુદરતી રીતે મૃત્યુ પામેલ પશુ, પશુ હત્યા થઇ છે તેવી શંકા ના હોય તેવા કારણજનક કિસ્સાઓમાં માંસાહાર ઉચિત છે.એટલે કે બુદ્દિસમ અહિંસક મધ્યમમાર્ગ રૂપે માંસાહારની મંજૂરી આપતું હતું.
ચુસ્ત શાકાહારી ગણાતું જૈનીસ્મ પણ પ્રારંભના તબક્કામાં માંસાહારથી મુક્ત નહતું. અચરંગ સૂત્ર મુજબ જો ભિક્ષુ અજાણતા માંસનો ભિક્ષા રૂપે સ્વીકાર કરે તો તેને નકારી ના શકે. વિપાકસૂત્રમાં મૌસમી માંસાહારનું વર્ણન છે. કલ્પ ભાષ્ય(૬ સદી) કહે છે જે પ્રદેશમાં માત્ર માંસાહાર જ થતો હોય ત્યાં ભિક્ષુએ પરિસ્થિતિ મુજબ અનુકૂળ થઇ ભોજન કરવું જોઈએ.હરિભદ્રસૂરિ (૮ સદી) કહે છે કે પ્રાચીન જૈન ભિક્ષુઓ દાનમાં મળેલ માંસ આરોગતા હતા.એટલે કે જૈનીસ્મ પણ અપવાદ નહતું.

✴ આયુર્વેદ...
ચરક,વાગ્ભટ્ટ,સુશ્રુત વગેરેના ગ્રંથો આયુર્વેદ તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. આ તમામ પ્રાચીન વૈદ્યોએ માંસાહારના રોગપ્રતિકારક ગુણો દર્શાવેલ છે. ચરકસંહિતામાં ૨૮ પ્રાણીઓની યાદી છે જેમનું માંસ ગુણકારી છે. સુશ્રુત સંહિતામાં ૧૬૮ પ્રકારનું માંસ સ્વાસ્થ્ય માટે ફાયદાકારક ગણાવ્યું છે. એટલું જ નહીં, કેટલાક રોગની સારવાર માટે ગૌમાંસને પ્રાથમિકતા આપી છે. સુશ્રુત તો એટલે સુધી કહે છે કે ગર્ભવતી સ્ત્રીએ ભાવિ બાળકના સ્વાસ્થ્ય માટે આખલાનું માંસ ખાવું જોઈએ.

✴ સાહિત્યિક રચનાઓ...
કાલિદાસ,ભવભૂતિ વગેરેની રચનાઓ બિનધાર્મિક શ્રેણીની છે.મહાભારતની જેમ કાલિદાસ પણ મેઘદત્ત કાવ્યમાં રતિદેવે કરેલ ગૌબલીઓને વર્ણવે છે.ભવભૂતિ (૭ સદી) ની રચના મહાવિરચિત્ર માં વસિષ્ઠ ક્રોધિત પરશુરામને શાંત કરવા વાછરડાના ભોજનનું પ્રલોભન આપે છે. શ્રીહર્ષ (૧૨ સદી) એ પોતાની રચના નૈષધચિત્રમાં લગ્ન સમયે થતા ગૌમાંસ સહિતના માંસાહારને બતાવ્યા છે. કુમારિલ ભટ્ટ અને આદિ શંકરાચાર્યે વેદિકપશુબલિનો બચાવ કર્યો હતો.

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ગાયની “પવિત્ર“ ભ્રમણાને દૂર કરવા આટલા સંદર્ભો પૂરતા છે. પુસ્તકમાં અનેક સંદર્ભો હોય, તમામ જણાવી શકું તેમ નથી. પણ અહીં એક એવો વૈજ્ઞાનિક પુરાવો છે જે પ્રાચીન પશુબલિનો દાવો સાચો સાબિત કરે છે. એચ.ડી.સાંકળિયા નામક પુરાતનશાસ્ત્રીએ સૈકડ઼ોં સદી પૂર્વેના મળેલ વિવિધ પશુઓના હાડકાઓ ઉપર સંશોધન કર્યું હતું; જેમાં પશુ ઉપર તીક્ષણ હથિયાર વડે પ્રહાર થયા હોય તેવા નિશાનો મળી આવ્યા હતા. ખાસ કરીને ગાય/આખલાને મળતા હાડકાઓમાં તેવા નિશાનો સાફ જોવા મળ્યા. એટલે કહેવાતા સતયુગ-દ્રાપરયુગમાં ગૌમાંસ મુખ્ય ભોજન હશે.

લેખકે વિવિધ સંદર્ભો વડે સાબિત કર્યું છે કે ગાય પ્રાચીન સમયમાં પવિત્ર નહીં, પણ સ્વાદિષ્ટ પશુ હતું. જો કે કેવી રીતે ગાય પવિત્ર બની તેનો જવાબ જાણવા મળતો નથી.છતાં પોસ્ટ-બુદ્ધિસ્ટ ગ્રંથોમાં નિયમો આધીન માંસાહાર ઉપરનું નિયંત્રણ દેખી શકાય છે. સમય જતા પશુહિંસાને પાપ ને દરજ્જો મળ્યો ;પણ તે લઘુપાતકની શ્રેણીમાં હતું ,મહાપાતક નહીં.(લઘુપાતક એટલે નાનું પાપ , મહાપાતક એટલે મોટું પાપ) આ કોયડાનો વિસ્તારમાં અર્થપૂર્ણ જવાબ આંબેડકરે આપેલ છે.
            

જો કે આપણા ભવ્ય ઇતિહાસમાં ગાયનું શું સ્થાન હતું તેનો ચોક્સાઈથી જવાબ અહીં જાણી શકાય છે.
( Rusang Borisa  )

Dr. Baba Saheb

 Hello Friends... Welcome to my new blog, but first of  I apologize for not posting blogs in mid time. Today I'm talking about our natio...