Bachelor of arts
Paper - 11 : A Study of English language & Phonetics
Question 1
The Air Stream Michenisms
Introduction
Language has a very important social purpose because it is used for Linguistic Communication. A language can be used into ways for the purpose of communication : Spoken or Written. The medium of speech is more important then the medium of writing. Linguistic is a systematic study Language. Phonetics is a branch of Linguistic.
Phonetics is a branch dealing with the medium of speech. It scientifically studies the production, transmission and reception of the sounds of human speech. For the production of speech sound the basic need is the moving corrent of air it is called Air Stream Michenism. The air that flows out from our mouth is modified into speech sounds by the action of certain organs of our body. There are three main Air Stream Michenism.
- Pulmonic Air Stream Michenisms.
- Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms.
- Velaric Air Stream Michenisms.
1. The Pulmonic Air Stream Michenisms.
The Air Stream involving lungs and musals of cheast is called the Pulmonic Air Stream Michenism.
The walls of lungs act as the initiator.
When we draw air in it is called ingressive when we push out the air it is called aggressive.
Most of the sounds produced in most of the language of the world is used pulmonic aggressive air stream michenism.
We use Pulmonic ingressive air stream Michenisms yougyang and snoring.
2. Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms.
The air stream involving close glottist is called Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms.
The close glottic act as initiation.
Both Ingressive and Aggressive Glottalic Air Stream Michenisms are used by some African languages and Sindhi languages. His sounds are called implosives.
3. Velaric Air Stream Michenisms.
The air Stream involving the back of the tongue is called velaric air stream michenisms.
The back of the tongue and velum is the inisiator. So it is called oral air stream michenisms.
Question -2
Descent of the English language
Introduction
Ever scenes the time immemorial the question that was; why there were so many language in the world and have felt that it would be easy if everybody spoke the same language. A universal language would far towards establishing and cementing friendship and understanding between the people of the earth so from time to time there have be attempts to decided some kind of universal language.
The problem of the diversity of tongues has exercised the minds of man from early times. In modern Linguistic teachers it is shown that languages can be grouped on families. And the fact that many language which now appear in different vocabulary, pronancian, grammar etc. are traceable to a comman ancestor in old times.
Several different families of Language are none to philologists 'No definite connection between the various families or languages groups has been trested a fact which suggest that the faculty aroge and developet independently in several part of Earth at different times.'
The only one that concerns us here which includes most of European and some of the Asian languages is indo European Languages.
Indo European is used because it nearly suggest that the language it comprises cover most of Europe and India. Beginning at some period seven thousand year B.C. This Indo European starting at a point in southern European in southern European near the Asian border, spared it self both East and West. As it spered with the changing needs of it's speaker it mixed with many other tongue and modified at different stages. In such ways we can describe the gradual growth threw different stages and we have modern languages of Europe, Persia , and India.
There are main groups of Indo European languages. Eastern Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Italic, Slavonic , Germanic, Celtic, Indian etc.
From the point of view of the study of English, the most important of the eight language group mantioned ago is that which has come to be known at Germanic. It was spokened Northern Europe from about 2000 to 1000 B.C (Before Christ). Many modification happened and to day we have the modern English in it's perfect forms.
To divide the history of any language into period historically must be some what rough idea. Yet it is important to remember that such division are only approximate. The history of English language is decided into three main period.
1. The Old English period.
2. The Middle English Period.
3. The Modern English Period.
The earliest period of English is calle Anglo Saxon or the old English period. It extends from the earliest return document around the close of 7th century about 1100. It has major influence of homogeneous Anglo Saxon language. It has a bit of latin influence followed by some vocabulary of written language. It had a number of dialects.
Middle English extended from A.d 1100 to about 1450. Its begins with northern conquest and ends with the close of the middle ages. It is Mark by several changes in vocabulary, nouns, prepositions and adverbs of old English period. It was in the middle English period University life Oxford and Cambridge establish and England's capital provided written language material. This period ends with introduction of printing press England by caxton.
Modern art new English runs from about 1500 to the present. the modern period is not able because with various changes it took the place of English today and it become present day English. Now the modern English has a well developed vocabulary pronunciation system tense and grammatical rules pronounce adverb etc.
at last enough has been said to show that one of the values of the study of the history of the language it has it constantly remains his today's that which language is never STATIC, by its nature its always remains in flux we can only appreciate language by learning and using it effectively.
Question -3
Organs of speech
This organs are commonly called organs of speech integration between these various speech organs is called speech mechanism the figure of the organ of speech state the importance.
The organs of Speech can be devided into three groups.
1. The Respiratory System.
- Lungs
- Muscles of the chest
-Wind pipe
2. The Phonetory System.
- Vocal Cords
- Larynx
3. The Articulatory System.
- Lips
- Teeth
- Nose
- Tongue
- Roof of the Mouth
1. The Respiratory System.
The Respiratory System involves lungs, Muscles of the chest , and Wind Pipe.
The Lungs are spongy body's , maid up of small sacs called Alveoli.
Air is supplied to the Alveoli by small tubes called broenchir. One is in the right the other on the left.
The Broenchir join to the tracker or wind pipe.
The act of respiratory is connected with briathing and involve two Process Taking air in Inspiration, Throwing air out Expiration.
Expiratory lungs air is the base of the speech sounds.
2. The Phonetory System.
- The Phonetory System involves consists Larynx and Vocal Cords.
- The Larynx is commonly called Adam's Apple, voice box.
- It is situated at the top of the wind pipe.
- The air forms the Lungs has to come out threw the wind pipe and Larynx.
- In the Larynx are situated a pair of lip like structure are called the vocal cords.
- The Vocal Cords are placed horizontally from front to back.
- They are attached in front and can be separated at the back.
- The opening between the Vocal Cords is called Glottis.
- The Vocal Cords can be open and closed.
- When we produced some speech sounds : The Vocal Cords are vide a part and the Glottis is open.
- Such sounds produced with a vide open Glottis are called Voiceless sounds or the Breathed sounds.
- During the production of certain speech sounds. The Vocal Cords are loosely held together and pressure of air makes them open and closed rapidly (speedy). This is called the vibration of the Vocal Cords.
- The sounds produced when the Vocal Cords vibrate are called voiced sounds.
3. The Articulatory System.
- The Articulatory System involves Lips , Teeth , Roof of the Mouth and Nose.
1. Lips :
The lips play very important role in the production of the speech sound.
They are named as upper lip and lower lip.
The sound produced threw with the help of lips are called Biblical Sounds.
Lower lip is an active Articulator.
Upper lip is Passive Articulator.
2. Teeth :
The teeth play very important role in the production of the speech sounds.
The sounds produced with the help of Teeth are called Dental sound.
3. The Roof of the Mouth :
The Roof of the Mouth has four (4) important organs.
A. The Teeth Ridge :
The bony part of the roof of the Mouth which lies immediately behind the upper front teeth is called Teeth Ridge.
The Teeth Ridge also called the Alveolar Ridge or Alveolum.
Immediately after Teeth Ridge the Roof of the Mouth becomes Concave and it is called the Hard Palate.
The Roof of the Month then becomes Soft Palate or Velum.
The Fleshy part hanging loose at the end of the Roof of the Mouth is called Uvula.
4. Tongue :
- The Tongue play very important role in the production of the speech sounds.
- It can take up different position during the production of Speech sounds. It is devided into four parts.
=> The extreme edge of tongue is called the tip of the tongue.
- Immediately after the Teeth and opposite to the Teeth Ridge is the blade of the Tongue.
=> Beyond the blade is the front of the Tongue. Which lies opposite to the hard Patale.
=> Beyond the front is the back of the Tongue which lies opposite to the Soft Palate.
=> Beyond the back of the Tongue is the Root of the Tongue it is called Pharynx.
=> Tongue is the most active Articulator among all the organs of Speech.
Question -4.
Consonants
The Classification and discription of Speech Sounds are called "Consonants".
Language has a very important purpose for Linguistic is a systematic study of language. Phonetics is branch of Linguistic; dealing with the study of human Speech Sounds. Speech Sounds are brodly divided into two categories. There are mainly 44 types of Speech Sounds.
Speech Sounds.
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Consonants. Vowels
" All Sounds during the production of which we here friction are Consonants."
To discribe a Consonant Sounds we take into consideration three important aspects of Organs of Speech.
1. The State of Glottis.
A. Voiceless.
B. Voiced.
2. Place of Articulation.
3. Menner of Articulation.
A Consonant is usually discribe taking into account wether it is Voiceless or Voiced : its place of Articulation or Manner of Articulation.
1. The State of Glottis.
The opening between the Vocal Cords is called Glottis.
The Vocal Cords can be open and Closed.
When we produced some Speech Sounds: The Vocal Cords are vide a part and the Glottis is open.
Such sounds produced with the open Glottis are called Voiceless Sounds or Breathed Sounds.
During the Production of certain speech Sounds. The Vocal Cords are loosely held together and pressure of Air makes then open and close rapidly. This is called the vibration of the Vocal Cords.
The Sounds produced when the Vocal Cords vibrate are called Voiced Sounds.
2. Place of Articulation.
During the production of some Speech Sounds. The sounds are produced with the help of some Organs and that are called Place of Articulation.
1. Bilabial : The sounds are produced with the Two Lips are called Bilabial Sounds.
2. Labiodental : The sounds that are produced with the combination of the Lower Lip and Upper Front Teeth are called Labiodental Sounds.
Ex. F ( ફ ) , V (વ).
3. Alveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue or Blade of the Tongue and Teeth Ridge are called Alveolar Sounds.
Ex. T ( ટ ) , D (ડ).
4. Palatal / Palato-alveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Front of the Tongue and Hard Palate are called Palatal or Palato-alveolar Sounds.
Ex. શ , ચ , જ.
5. Postalveolar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue and Part between Teeth Ridge and Palate are called Postalveolar sounds.
6. Velar : The Sounds that are produced with the combination of the Back of the Tongue and Soft Palate that are called Velar Sounds.
7. Glottal : Glottal sound are produced at the Glottis.
Ex. H (હ)
8. Dental : The sounds that are produced with the combination of the Tip of the Tongue and Teeth that are called Dental Sounds.
3. Manner of Articulation.
1. Plosive
- During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are Complete closer and sudden release.
- Ex. Pin, Tin, Din, Dean, Kin, Gun, Bin, Done.
2. Fricative
- During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are closed approximation.
- Ex. Sip, Zip, Fine, Vine, Ship, Hat, Thin, Then.
3. Affricate
- During the production of some Speech Sounds the mouth are complete closer and show release.
4. Nasal
- During the production of some Speech Sounds the Mouth are called complete oral closer.
- Ex. Near, Me, Some, Sun, Sung, No, Neal, Night, Nose.
5. Lateral Sounds
- During the production of some Speech Sounds The mouth are called complete oral closer.
- Ex. Lend, love, long, lip, like, lime ,live.
Conclusion.
The sounds are produced with that all organs and thats make Speech Sounds.
