Religious Festival v/s Science

# 08 - August - 2019, Sunday.

# Shitala Satam v/s Science.

                                     V/S

• In our country India religion people are living and we have lots of festival from there. Festival plays a vital role in human life, our day to day life routine life. Festival game happiness and joy. All festival connected with religion, how many meet behind this festivals and legendary stories. We have so many Myth behind festival, Temple, etc. But it have his own space. We have lots of festival like Holi-Dhuleti, chhath-Satam- Atham ,Navratri ,Dussehra ,Diwali ,New year ,Vasant Panchami ,Ganesh Chaturthi etc.

• If any critic and rational thinker come in India he observed our rituals and worshipping of God, disease of God like smallpox (people call it ori mata). Which type of impression he takes from India? And also we have got from nature like Vayudev ,Suryadev , Jaldevi , Varundev , etc. We have clear year of days and here is the extremely rooted in consciousness of human beings. Which things people can't control people give it a position of God and surrender himself on God.

• Now we talk about festival of Gujarat. In some regions of Gujarat shitala ( શીતળા ) satam is celebrated on Shud satam, while remaining regions it is on vad satam Gujarati month of Shravan. People especially womens of the family worship goddess shitala and pray for good health of her family. The eat food made On previous day, as called cold food. Please wait behind this is this will prevent diseases Ori and similar.

• The scientific reason behind this maybe by eating previous day food will increase immunity. And shitala satam is dedicated to God shitala uses of Pox chicken pox or cow pox.
           " No medicine is given as it is
             believed that the disease ap-
             pears throughout some error
             of fault in the worship of
                       ' Shitala Mata '."

• The Godess of Pox and measles. It is observed for the welfare of children and family and its escape from measles and smallpox. Smallpox was the first disease that people tried to prevent themselves by including themselves with other infections. Smallpox inoculation has been occurring in India and other Nation for many years.

# Information About Small Pox 
                   
• Small Pox is an ancient disease caused by the variola virus. Early symptoms include fever and fatigue. Virus then produced a characteristic ros particularly on the face arms and legs.
• The speed of smallpox transmission it generally slower than for such disease as measles or chicken pox. Patients spread smallpox primarily to household members and friends because by the time patients are contagious , they are usually sick and stay in bed , large out breaks in school were uncommon.
• Smallpox no longer occurs naturally since it was totally eradicated by Alandi and painstaking process, which identified all cases and their contacts and and ensured they were all Vaccinated. Until then smallpox killed many millions of people. The pioneer of smallpox vaccine the world's first vaccine made by Edward Jenner. He was an English physician and scientist. The disease of cow pox is the Vaccine of smallpox. In 1976 was first experimented on his vaccine.
        

• The use of Neem leaves is considered beneficial for the patient of smallpox. Neem has antiseptic properties and suffers bad in covered with Neem leaves. Neem has proved effective against certain fungi that infect the human body. Such fungi are an increasing a problem and have been difficult to control by synthetic fungicides.

" The tree's Sanskrit 

Name was " Arishtha"

Meaning " Reliever Sickness."

• Some Myths and Facts about Smallpox.

• Myth of Smallpox

• Smallpox can be cured. Smallpox still occurs naturally. Not enough Smallpox Vaccine exists for everyone. The Vaccine is often deadly. Childhood Smallpox vaccinations would protect against a new attack. Vaccination won't work if given after exposure to the virus.

• Facts of Smallpox

• There is no proven treatment, thought newer antiviral drugs would repeat it probably be tried in the events of an outbreak. The last case was in 1977. The government believes it has plenty. Probably fewer than three per million would die from the shots. Protection probably wears off within 20 years. People are protected if Vaccinated within two or three days.

• Indians are worshipping daily disease as a God. In Indian rituals where is a very rational idea cold like butter ,buttermilk ,milk, card etc. India is a much busiest in worshipping of God and Goddesses. People have fear from God and also from disease. Saudi ka natak injection of disease they have so much fear from it and surrender himself to God. And they have fear to take the Vaccine of disease.
• If people are not aware about current disease. In 21st century many educated people living in the world and they also believing in God and Goddesses. NTR think God helps them every time and they can't have any Vaccine of disease. Till how can we survive from disease? It is crual mentality of religious people. Give advice to all friends ,family members, relatives to take Vaccines of disease. Come on let's aware about every disease and its Vaccine.

August : Month of Patriotism

# 8th September 2019 , Sunday. 

# August : Month Of Patriotism. 

Hello Readers...
     

• August is the month of Patriotism​. As we all know 15-August-1947 we independent from British Raj from after 200 (Two hundred years) of his Ruling and we celebrate Independence Day on that day. Since today we celebrate 72 Independence Day and On today we celebrate 73 years of our Independence from British Raj. We pass 72 years for India's development , that time is not small time for development of any country like Social , Economical , Educational , Cultural , etc. Things. India is developing for his Cultivation , Farm Tools , Fertilizer , Seeds , Pesticides , Irrigation , Lighting , etc. things. And also India is developing in other things like Industries. Many Industries are born increase and died. But still Technological Industries and Film Industries are not loss and they don't found any history about it. It still working hard from starting. It have many new things to maintain and also development. As we all know Literature have no limits or boundaries and also no one make line between any literature. Literature and films are not partial and its giving good or bad things and also realising right things. Your is a two poem about our thinking on Independence and liberty.



 
           1. Indian Hindi Short Films.
1. In Defence of Freedom : A Film by Nandita Das. 

• Actor : Nawazuddin Siddiqui.
• Character : Saddat Hasan Manto.

• In this short film the writer tell truth of our society , and Nawazuddin played role in this short film. He talked about the character Manto. He wrote about on that topic that he shows in our society. What to write or what not to write? We should write anything which we show in our society are front us. Manto tell all wrtern things are fair , open , visual , or transparent any present storyline or condition. Man to write about Prostitution and also the people who are connected with it , it is not wrong. They all are part of our society. In our world well educated people and living but also can't accept them and also some few people don't like that concept of thought. So they walked out from the room. And also he told people blame many writer for his work. The short film make us free from thinking. Manto prove that literature doesn't have any limits. Free to think and also Express his views of society. 

After one person goes out from room , Manto ask him ..

" हकीकत से इंकार करना क्या हमें बेहतर इंसान बनाएगा? "

" जो जैसी है उसे वैसे ही पेश क्यों ना किया जाए, टाट को रेशम क्यों कहा जाए......"

2. This Bloody Lines...

• This short film remember us the moment of partition between India and Pakistan. India and Pakistan is one Nation 15th August 1947. This poem talks about line between two countries , line between one land and divided into two parts. British are divided into two part. Before the partition people living very happy life. Before partition Brotherhood and tranquillity in India and also not religious blindness. It is partition between many people and their feelings. Many people homeless and helpless in the movement of partition and also the move other side.  In 1947 , Cyril John Radcliff draw a  line between one Nation and divided into two countries. Many people become homeless overnight and many people slaughter (killed) in the moment of partition. A well known American Writer wrote poem about the movement of partition between India and Pakistan. He can't mentioned name of Cyril John Radcliff in whole poem but he use the word "Partition." 

•  Auden's poem he talked about Cyril John Radcliff and he told ' He was lawyer.' In this short film John Radcliff was feel be some time because of Partition moment. He also said to the Lord Chancellor, " Why me? I'm just a Lawyer... I've never been to India." And Lord Chancellor said , " Do it in the service of your country." When Cyril John Radcliff met Mahatma and also he told me "Cyril , this Partition is going to create  a lot of Violence." After partition so much religious violence was done. And also many people help less current time in this religious violence between two countries. So he repants of his decision of partition and he told this draw of line called "This bloody line." 

                   2. देश एक राग है...

• In this poem writer what about 'Nation' and 'Country'. He is using the idea 'Nation' and 'Country' he describes that very well. And you also told difference between this two word "Nation" and "Country."

•Some lines of the poem...

मैं देश के नाम सन्देश देना चाहता था

राष्ट्र के नाम नहीं
देश के नाम
जानता हूँ ऐसे सन्देश केवल
राष्ट्रपति और प्रधानमंत्री समय समय पर देते रहे हैं
जो राष्ट्र के नाम प्रसारित किये जाते हैं
इन संदेशों की कोइ विवशता होगी
तभी तो उनकी भाषा ऐसी तयशुदा होती है की
उनमें कहीं कोई उतार-चढ़ाव नहीं होता
न कहीं मार्मिक स्पर्श
सुनता आ रहा हूँ ऐसे सन्देश और किसी का कोई एक
वाक्य भी ठीक से याद नहीं......

Hamlet : Thinking Activity

HAMLET : Thinking Activity 
# Post Viewing  And  Pre-viewing Task

Hello Reader ...

• " Hamlet - The Prince of Denmark" was returned by a well known Elizabethan playwriter William Shakespeare. On 14 - August - 2019 on an academic movie-screening of Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet organised by Dr.Dilip Sir Barad at Department of English , M. K. B. University. In this movie we know the whole story of Hamlet.
     
                                        Shakespeare

Pre Viewing Task : 
Hamlet Short Summary.... : 
         
            

• Hamlet is a story about the protagonist Madness , dual personality and ego. Hamlet full title "Hamlet - The Prince of Denmark."

• Prince Hamlet mourns both his father's health and his mother, Queen Gertrude's remarriage to Claudius. The ghost of Hemlet's father appears to him and tell him that Claudius has poisoned him. Hamlet swears revenge. He arranges an old play whose story has a parallel to that of Claudius.

• Hamlet behaviour is considered mad. He kills the eavesdropping Polonius , the court Chamberlain, by thrusting his sword through ba curtain. Polonius's son Laertes returns to Denmark to avenge his father's​ death. Polonius's daughter Ophelia loves the Prince but his brutael behaviour drives her to madness. Ophelia dies by drowning.

• A duel takes place and ends with the death of Gertrude , Laertes , Claudius and Hamlet. Themes discussed in the plot include indecision , seeking , revenge and  retribution , deception , ambition , loyalty and fate.

• Task given by Dr. DILIP BARAD SIR for checking what is the task Click here.
 

• Post viewing Task : 

# How faithful is the movie to the Original Play?
   

Ans : Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' was the faithful version to the original play. Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' was appreciated to the Original Play. This movie was so long but whole movie kept all things and every sin and every act. In this play Kenneth Branagh minute all characters. Shakespeare's Original Play and Kenneth Branagh's discription of character and about mystery are similar. Shakespeare's play shows superiority and also it was variable in Elizabeth Age. The Original Play shows highly emotional and much deeper things and it shows reality of all characters. In story of Hamlet Influenced very good in both Shakespeare's Original Play and Kenneth Branagh's movie.

:- Original Play is Located in 11th century Denmark so we can't expect more things similar. Batman movie directed that is 16 century so the director changed setting, customs and that makes that interesting as per the audience. This is typical shakespearean play but sometime for reader and audience that hard to understood. But Kenneth Branagh's​ movie Hamlet and also Shakespeare's Original Hamlet both are Praise Worthy Work.

# After watching the movie, have your prescription about play, character and situation changed? 

Ans : Kenneth Branagh's 'Hamlet' is very good, faithful presentation of the Shakespeare's original play Hamlet there is no need to make changed in movie and Shakespeare's Original 'Hamlet'​ are good work.

:- In the beginning of the movie ' Hamlet ' , Hamlet following to his father's ghost and that time he talked with his father. And father Hamlet told to Hamlet how how is own brother Claudius killed to him. After his death his mother Gertrude marry with his uncle Claudius. These all things are painful for Hamlet, because suddenly his father died and after his father's death his mother marry with his uncle.

:- I have sympathy for sweet lady Ophelia , because all the characters are suffering, because of his own fault. But a failure is the One character who suffers in very critical situation and pay price for that things that she doesn't do. She is the victim of dirty politics. Her fault that she loves Hamlet. But Hamlet treachery with Ophelia. He told to go to Nunnery. Now listen this word Nunnery how he feels and think about her condition.

# Do you feel 'aesthetic delight' while watching the movie? If Yes , exactly when did it happen? If No, can you explain with reasons? 

Ans : Yes Sir , We feel 'Asthetic Delight' while watching the movie Hamlet. When we watch movie so many great dialogues of all characters any character of Hamlet is more attractive for audience. Literature has tremendous capacity to give that pleasure. If you observe them closely at that time his soliloquies , and visible madness , his hearted , his satirical laughter , ambiguity , sequence of character , split personality and intrigues in the play , character of sweet lady Ophelia love of brother and sister ,(Leartes and Ophelia) appearance of Ghost and also in mirror scene , gives me wonderful delight. Hamlet's words " Forty thousand brother can not equal to my Love." is excellent words and after this statement of Hamlet Horatio told to him " there are many things in this world which is not in our book of philosophy my friend." Its look like universal truth.

# Do you feel ‘catharsis’ while or after watching movie? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If no, can you explain with reasons?

Ans : In the beginning Hamlet follow his father's Ghost and you also talks with him. The time king Hamlet explain to him how he killed by his own brother Claudius while he is sleeping outside. How is own brother Claudius was seducing queen Gertrude before his death. And also when gertrude married with his husbands small brother Claudius and that is the painful for Hamlet. And all this description fails sympathy for him and terror of painful death. In last, Ophelia the Catharsis happened to me for our tragic Hero Hamlet. ' Good man comes to a bad end.' because of her error of judgement. Hamlet kill claudius when he was praying then he might have able to take his revenge and save his life. But he can't it do that and in last he have tragic and I was the Philosopher's says. A Prince (Protagonist) come to tragic end. At the end of the play stage is full of dead bodies and this creates catharsis.

# Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play?

Ans :  movie was much interesting some characters are attract others and have our attention in every moment. In that movie director add so much emotions feelings and we feels that very much emotion like life of love , hate , sympathy , compassion and sorrow. Is movie is the great achievement of the Kenneth Branagh I am also of the artist that they create very tremendous world of imagination. All the characters roll very good and that they played in very interesting pay and take kept our attention
thoroughly. In all characters with find One character or failure was innocent and charming lady. But she suffers a lot in this play, she was not part of the dirty politics but she suffering without her fault. She was the only victim of the dirty politics. Her only fault that she loves Prince Hamlet and she wan't to marry with him.

   

:- I have sympathy for sweet lady Ophelia , because all the characters are suffering because of his own food but or failure is One character who suffers in very critical situation and price for third things that she doesn't do. Hamlet treachery with a failure and you also told to her to go to Nunnery what is the condition of a Ophelia after listen this word.

:- The Last of the movie open ya also die and his brother deities his father also died. Hamlet takes his revenge to Claudius and also kill his wife queen Gertrude. If Hamlet kill claudius when he was praying then he might have able to take his revenge and save his life but he can't do that in the last he have tragic and as philosopher says a prince come to touch the candle at the end of the place stage is full of dead bodies. And in last scene Fortinbras come to kill but I am late already died. So Fortinbras do hamlet's Burial ceremony.

# Was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish lifetime?

Ans :  In play endless scenes that we carish lifetime. These play wealthy in attractive scenes. And also we show many fabulous scene that we can't forgot. In first scene when hamlet's ghost come to talk with Prince Hamlet , some soliloquy of Prince Hamlet , Ophelia's poetry in madness , mirror scene , etc scenes we can't forgot and we memories life time.

 # If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remaking of movie on Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’?

  Ans : Kenneth Brenagh's movie was the best movie and will do good work on this movie. He kept all such things from Shakespeare's Hamlet. Kenneth Brenagh's movie is very good and way of presentation is the faithful to the Original Play. People shows that with interest, and in this movie no need to change anything. First thing i don't think i made that types of movie like Hamlet. Movie was not much interesting and some time we get tired when we watch movie. This movie including in top 3 (three) movie who's made by Plays. But if I'm director I change some scene and make movie interesting as audience requirements , length of the movie is unnecessary so people get tired and some time they can't have internet in movie. But when we show movie was the faithful to the Original Play and it's help to understand the play plot very well. 

  # In the beginning of the movie, camera rolls over the statue of King Hamlet out side the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence wherein the statue of the King Hamlet is hammered down to the dust. What sort of symbolism do you read in this? (Clue: In Book IX of'Paradise Lost', Satan reflects on his revenge motive:       "But what will not ambition andrevenge; Descend to? Who aspires must down as low; As high he soared, obnoxious, first or last, To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet, Bitter ere long back on itself recoils." Is it not King Hamlet's ambition to avenge his death responsible for the downfall of his kingdom which is symbolically pictured in last scenes?)

  Ans :  The play Hamlet starts with the Statue of the great Hamlet in the movie. Kenneth brenagh's start with the symbol of the Statue. Symbol play a vital role in all things like movie and T.V. words can't more helpful to express our feelings but movies and TV help very well. Symbol tries to show the things which we can't express with words and also symbols create our curiosity more. 
   Words give us a particular imagination and limits but symbols Express more. This play's ideology is great.

  :- The play opens with the name HAMLET written on the wall of the castle of Elsinore, and ends even with broken statue of the KING HAMLET. It is a significant that ends of everything the circle is complete. From where is Big guns and also and on that fall of the Statue of Hamlet. Same thing happened in the story of doctor faustus when doctor fosters throw the cross and the holy book Bible that means God reject him. Money symbol flourished in the play Hamlet. The Fall of the Hamlet's statue is shows the end of Hamlet and no one live occupant this kingdom. It give us message of revenge , fight etc. And we can compare this play with MAHABHARATA .  Mahabharat that it is also concerned with family war and Throne. And in last of the play Hamlet no one leave occupant this Kingdom. 


  # While studying the play through movie, which approach do you find more applicable to the play? Why? Give reasons with illustrations.

  Ans :  The play Hamlet the story about the protagonist Hamlet's fall. To appreciate one approach is not enough we can use different perspective for better understanding. But we know the madness of Hamlet, and also Gertrude's marriage was morally good or bad, and it also used for the character of Ophelia and also her Madness after the death of his father. So I think I am using psychological approach pathetic movie. So we can apply psychological approach for better understanding of the ambiguous Hamlet. But there are culture , biographical, historical, moral , philosophical and other approaches are also perfect but I think most perfect approach is a formalist one. This one says that for understanding of any TEXT WORK itself is the best source. Nobody is busy no we can't need to study biography of writer. What is write in book that is more important to understand it not to writer. Text is the best source to evaluate action of the work. The true beauty of play lies in the words arranged beautifully by the writer. 

  # Which of the above mentioned approaches (in Pre-viewing task) appeals you more than other?Why? Give reasons.

  Ans :  While watching the movie I found Two approaches is Feminine approach and Psychological approach.  In movie or In original play concept is same but way of telling are different. Kenneth Brenagh told whole story presentation ( by showing ) and Shakespeare wrote this story but plot is same. After the death of King Hamlet Gertrude remarriage with his husband's smaller brother Claudius after this Hamlet hearts but woman have right to live her life freely. And also Hamlet obsessed Ophelia. 
  Ophelia is the lover of hamlet. And Hamlet also misbehaving with her. 

  :- I wrote so many things about the play Hamlet now I'm concluding Thinking activity on the play Hamlet , that is given by our Sir Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. And I also say Thank you to him for this Interesting Task.

   :-- Thank you......

The Purpose by T. P. Kailasam

# Thinking Activity - 1.
# Indian Writing in English 
# The Purpose written by T.P. Kailasam.

# The task given by our Vaidehi mam about the play " The Purpose" writen by T. P. Kailasam part of our Paper of Indian Writing in English.

• T. P. Kailasam (1884 - 1946 ) was prominent playwright , poet and writer of English and Kannada language.

• His famous plays are
1. The Brahmin's Curse
2. Fulfilment
3. The Burden
4. The Purpose

• This play divided into Two acts.
• The main characters : Arjuna , Drona , and Eklavya.
• The centre theme based on Adi Parva of The Mahabharata.
• The Purpose of learning Archery.

# Post Task...

Que.1 : compare and contrast Arjun Eklavya's character?
Ans.1 : " The Purpose" written by well known writer T. P. Kailasam. In this book kailasam wrote about the two great archery Arjun and Eklavya. Arjun was a Kshatriya belongs to Powerful upper caste and he was arrogant and prodigal prince he was Pandavas brother. Eklavya was week person from lower caste and he was a severe of animal of jungle helps all the person and all animals.

     Arjuna was the prince of Hastinapur and son of Pandu. Eklavya was weak person from lower caste but he knows very well Archery. Arjuna was know great archery. Arjun as Guru Dronacharya was give whole knowledge about Archery and other shastra vidhya to give all khatriya's. But Eklavya make Idol of Dronacharya for the purpose of knowledge of Achery and also without any information and without any guidance and knowledge. But Eklavya was have good knowledge of Archary from Arjuna. That's why Dronacharya wants Eklavya thumb.
And also Arjun can't compare himself with Eklavya because he have same knowledge of great Aakhri without any teacher. But also he gives his thumb to Dronacharya because he think he was his teacher. Eklavya was the great example of student.

Que.2 : What is subaltern? Who do you think is the Subaltern in this play ? Explain with examples.
Ans.2 : As spot the meaning of subaltern and as per our professor Dr. Heenaba zala mam says in her thinking subaltern is someone with a lower ranking in our social and political or other hierarchy.
 

 Arjuna was the prince of Hastinapur and he belongs to upper class family and Eklavya was a Nishadha boy. He belongs to weak person of lower caste. I think and also as a writer says Eklavya was the subaltern person in the Play. Because he was coming from lower caste and I think and also as writer says Eklavya was Subaltern because he can't have any kind of knowledge and he was belongs to weak person and lower class. You can't have any political power and money and he was a simple person. That's why Eklavya was a subaltern. Because he can't have any e knowledge about Archery but he know very well Archery.

Que.3 : Write your views about education system in India with reference to past and present time.
Ans.3 : As per my views about education system in India was very poor in past time only coming have knowledge of others and all things like , Kshatriya have knowledge about the fighting and brahmins have knowledge about Vedas and Puran. And other caste can't have knowledge about anything because they can't learn from anywhere. Baby live on brahmins only what they are saying then at that time all people believe blindly on brahmins.

     But nowadays people have knowledge system was changed because many people come in India for the purpose of Business.  That time many people come two ruling on India. Change the education system of India. In changing education system of India Britishers and other are giving much part for changing system. Theek hai give knowledge about education and about the study. Nowadays after that we know the importance of study and be aware about education. After that we have many changes in our education system and nowadays we learn online everywhere and that is money beneficial for all the people. People learn today everywhere with Internet and it's very beneficial for us. Thats why all  people learn.

Que.4 : is Dronacharya and ideal teacher? If yes, then how? and if no, then why? explain with examples.
Ans.4 : in Mahabharat Dronacharya was the Guru of Pandavas and Kauravas he was the great teacher he gives his whole knowledge about Shastra Vidya and other things he gives to Pandavas and Kauravas. So that side he was the great teacher and ideal teacher for Pandavas and Kauravas. He helps everywhere to them and they give respect to Dronacharya.

     I say yes he was an ideal teacher then that side it is right but side of Eklavya that is wrong, it's can't give justice to Ekalvya. Because Eklavya gives his thumb to Dronacharya. Dronacharya was an ideal teacher on side of Arjuna because he gives his knowledge to only Kshatriyas. Dronacharya gives his whole knowledge about Sarkari and other sister vidyas he gives Arjun , Pandavas and Kauravas.
But side of Eklavya he was not an ideal teacher because he have a glorious Right Hand Thumb that is Golden thumb focr him and he use this thumb for Archery. He gives that Thumb to Dronacharya for his Guru Dakshina. Anton Acharya was accepted happily so that's why you was not an ideal teacher for Eklavya on my point of view. Eklavya was the great example of student.

Que.5 : write something about your experience like eklavya arjun with any teacher during the study phase till now.
And.5 : I have lots of experience from my teachers some are very good and some are not much bad but it's bad only for me not for others. But from that bad experience I learn more and have more knowledge of life and world.
    I have that types of experience but still I learn more from them as per name says and as per my views I can't mentioned any teachers name in my experience but I told time. When I am in standard I have a teacher. And better​ that he was my English teacher. He was not a partial teacher . Inspired me for all things I learnt many things from him. Give me full support of him and he helps me everywhere and all other students. So that's why I am inspired by him and he always support everyone all such things.
    Thank you mam for this interesting block task and thinking activity thank you very much.......

Book Review : The Myth Of The Holy Cow

✨ પુસ્તકપરિચય :-

🌟 નામ : "The Myth Of The Holy Cow"
🌟 લેખક: ઇતિહાસકાર "દ્વિજેન્દ્ર ઝા"

હિન્દૂ સંસ્કૃતિમાં ગાય એ કદાચ આપણી માતા કરતા પણ ઉંચો દરજ્જો ભોગવી રહી છે. ગાય હિન્દૂ ધર્મનું પ્રતીક માનવામાં આવે છે. તેને લઈને એ હદે પ્રચાર થાય છે કે તેના રક્ષણ માટે સૈકડ઼ોં હિંસા પણ ઉચિત ઠરે. ઘણા સાચા-ખોટા પ્રચાર વડે હિંદુઓનું બ્રેઈન વોશ કરવામાં આવે છે.

પણ શું ગાય ઐતિહાસિક રીતે પૂજનીય ધાર્મિક પશુ હતું? આ સવાલનો જવાબ ઇતિહાસકાર આપણા "ભવ્ય ભૂતકાળ" માં છુપેલ સંદર્ભો અને પુરાવાઓ વડે આપી "ના" કહે છે.તેથી વિપરીત ગૌમાંસ આર્યોનું પ્રિય ભોજન હતું તેવું નિષ્કર્ષ નીકળે છે!

આ સંદર્ભોને વેદિકકાળ,અનુ-વેદિકકાળ,જૈન-બૌદ્ધ કાળ, અનુ-બૌદ્ધકાળ, બિનધાર્મિક ગ્રંથો તેમજ આદિ શંકરાચાર્ય પછીના સમય પ્રમાણે તબક્કાવાર ચકાસીએ.

✴ ઋગ્વેદમાં ઇન્દ્રને રીઝવવાની ઋચાઓ છે. જેમાંની કેટલીક ઋચાઓ આખલાના માંસ વડે ઇન્દ્રને રીઝવે છે.અન્ય ઋચામાં ઇન્દ્ર ૧૦૦ ભેંસોને આરોગી જાય છે તે વર્ણન છે. એટલું જ નહીં; ઘોડા,બળદ,આખલા,ગાય,ઘેટાં વગેરે પશુઓની બલિનું વર્ણન ઋગ્વેદમાં જોય શકાય છે.લગ્ન સમયે ગાયની બલિ ચડાવવાની પ્રથા પણ  નજરે ચડે છે.[ઋગ્વેદ.૧૦.૬૮,૧૦.૨૮,૧૦.૨૭,૬.૧૭,૮.૪૩,૧૦.૯૧,૧૦.૧૬ વગેરે] દૂધ,ઘી,ગૌમાંસ,પશુમાંસ વગેરે વેદિક દેવોના રોજિંદા ખોરાક હતા.
                

✴ અનુ-વેદિકકાળ...
બ્રાહ્મણા અને સંહિતા પૂર્વ અનુ-વેદિક બ્રાહ્મણગ્રંથો ગણાય છે;જે મૂળભૂત રીતે વેદોનું વિસ્તરણ છે.તૈત્તરીય સંહિતામાં ૧૮૦ પ્રકારની પશુબલિ અને પશુ-માંસનું વર્ણન છે.તૈત્તરીય સંહિતા.૬.૧.૭ માં ગાય બલિનું વિસ્તૃત વર્ણન છે. રાજસૂયા અને વાજપેય યજ્ઞ માટે ગાયની બલિ ઉત્તમ ગણાતી. શતપથ બ્રાહ્મણા મુજબ મારુત દેવને પ્રસન્ન કરવા ગૌમાંસ ચડાવાતું.તૈત્તરીય બ્રાહ્મણા ગાયને શુદ્ધ ભોજન કહે છે,અગત્સ્ય યજ્ઞમાં ૧૦૦ બળદોની બલિ આપે છે તેના વખાણ કરે છે.આ ગ્રંથોમાં વિસ્તારમાં પશુબલિનું વર્ણન છે ;જે મુજબ અગ્નેયદ્યેય યજ્ઞની તૈયારી માટે ગાય નું સ્થાન નક્કી કરે છે, અધ્વર્યુ (મુખ્ય કર્તા)પદ્ધતિસર પ્રાણીઓના અંગો કાપે છે. ગાયની બલિ માંગતા યજ્ઞને ગોસવ યજ્ઞ કહેવાતો. ઘોડાની બલી માંગતો અશ્વમેધ યજ્ઞ ઉચ્ચ કક્ષાનો યજ્ઞ ગણાતો.

ગૃહસૂત્રોમાં પણ પશુબલિનું સમર્થન જોઈ શકાય. રુદ્ર માટે આખલાની બલિ સારી કહેવાતી.અપસ્તંબ ધર્મસુત્રની શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં બળદ નું માંસ ખવાતું.પરાશર ધર્મસુત્ર મુજબ મૃત્યુ પછીના ૧૧માં દિવસે બ્રાહ્મણો માટે માંસ પીરસવામાં આવતું.

✴ પાશ્ચાત્ય ધર્મગ્રંથો...
મહાભારત,સ્મૃતિ,પુરાણો વગેરે સાપેક્ષે પોસ્ટ-વેદિક ગ્રંથો માનવામાં આવે છે. તેમાંના ઘણા જૈનીસ્મ અને બુદ્ધિઝમના સમકાલીન રહ્યા છે; તો કેટલાક પોસ્ટ-બુદ્ધિસ્ટ સમયના છે.
મનુસ્મૃતિએ ગાયને પવિત્ર જાહેર કરી નહતી.તેથી વિપરીત કેવા પશુઓનું માંસ ખાદ્ય છે અને કેવા પશુઓ અખાદ્ય છે તેનું વર્ણન  છે.મનુસ્મૃતિ મુજબ યજ્ઞમાં પશુબલિ કરનાર યજમાન અને બલિ ચડનાર પશુ બન્ને સ્વર્ગ પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે.યાજ્ઞવલ્કય સ્મૃતિ મજબ બ્રાહ્મણના સ્વાગત હેતુ બળદને કાપી તેનું માંસ પીરસવું જોઈએ.બૃહસ્પતિ સ્મૃતિ મુજબ ધાર્મિક નિયમો અનુસાર માંસ આરોગવામાં કોઈ અધર્મ નથી.

✴ મહાભારત ,રામાયણ અને પુરાણો...
મહાભારત મુજબ શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં ગાયના માંસથી ૧૨ મહિના સુધી પિતૃઓ તૃપ્ત રહે છે.દ્રૌપદી જયદ્રથ અને તેના સાથીઓને ૧૫ પ્રકારના હરણના માંસ પીરસવાની વાત કરે છે. પાંડવો હરણનો શિકાર કરી પ્રથમ ભાગ બ્રાહ્મણોને આપે છે અને બાદમાં તેને આરોગે છે.[મહાભારત.૩.૫૦] રાજા રતિદેવ હજારોની સંખ્યામાં ગાયોની બલિ ચડાવી ગૌમાંસ બ્રાહ્મણોને દાન કરે છે;બ્રાહ્મણોને આ રાજા અતિપ્રિય હોય છે. એવું કહેવાય છે કે પશુઓના રક્તથી ચર્મવતી નદી નો જન્મ થયો.(અત્યારની ચંબલ નદી) અનુશાસનપર્વમાં નારદ જે સામગ્રીઓ બ્રાહ્મણને દાન કરવાનું કહે છે તેમાં માંસ નો પણ ઉલ્લેખ છે.[મહાભારત.૧૩.૬૩]

રામાયણ મુજબ દશરથે પુત્રપ્રાપ્તિ માટે યજ્ઞ કર્યો  ત્યારે ૩૦૦ પશુઓની બલિ ચડાવી હતી.વનવાસ ભોગવતા રામે જયારે ઝૂંપડી બનાવી ત્યારે ગૃહપ્રવેશની વીધીહેતુ કાળિયારની બલિ ચડાવી હતી.હનુમાન જયારે સીતાને રામનું વિરહદુઃખ જણાવે છે ત્યારે ઉમેરે છે કે દુઃખી રામ માંસ પણ ખાતા નથી.

વિષ્ણુપુરાણ અનુસાર ઘોડા,બકરી,હરણ,ઘેટાને શ્રાધ્ધવિધિમાં ખાવા ગુણકારી છે.માર્કેન્ડય પુરાણ કહે છે કે ધાર્મિક ક્રિયા હેતુ માંસાહાર કરવાથી પાપ લાગતું નથી. પરશુરામ કહે છે કે બ્રહ્માએ પશુઓનું સર્જન ભોજન માટે કર્યું છે; તેથી પ્રયાપ્ત માત્રામાં શિકાર કરવાથી પાપ થતું નથી.

✴ બુદ્ધિઝમ અને જૈનીસ્મ...
બુદ્ધ અને મહાવીર ને અહિંસાના જનક માનવમાં આવે છે. પરંતુ બૌધ્ધો અને જૈનો પણ માંસાહાર કરતા હતા તેના સંદર્ભો હયાત છે. બુદ્દિસમ મુજબ વૈદ્યની  સલાહ,કુદરતી રીતે મૃત્યુ પામેલ પશુ, પશુ હત્યા થઇ છે તેવી શંકા ના હોય તેવા કારણજનક કિસ્સાઓમાં માંસાહાર ઉચિત છે.એટલે કે બુદ્દિસમ અહિંસક મધ્યમમાર્ગ રૂપે માંસાહારની મંજૂરી આપતું હતું.
ચુસ્ત શાકાહારી ગણાતું જૈનીસ્મ પણ પ્રારંભના તબક્કામાં માંસાહારથી મુક્ત નહતું. અચરંગ સૂત્ર મુજબ જો ભિક્ષુ અજાણતા માંસનો ભિક્ષા રૂપે સ્વીકાર કરે તો તેને નકારી ના શકે. વિપાકસૂત્રમાં મૌસમી માંસાહારનું વર્ણન છે. કલ્પ ભાષ્ય(૬ સદી) કહે છે જે પ્રદેશમાં માત્ર માંસાહાર જ થતો હોય ત્યાં ભિક્ષુએ પરિસ્થિતિ મુજબ અનુકૂળ થઇ ભોજન કરવું જોઈએ.હરિભદ્રસૂરિ (૮ સદી) કહે છે કે પ્રાચીન જૈન ભિક્ષુઓ દાનમાં મળેલ માંસ આરોગતા હતા.એટલે કે જૈનીસ્મ પણ અપવાદ નહતું.

✴ આયુર્વેદ...
ચરક,વાગ્ભટ્ટ,સુશ્રુત વગેરેના ગ્રંથો આયુર્વેદ તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. આ તમામ પ્રાચીન વૈદ્યોએ માંસાહારના રોગપ્રતિકારક ગુણો દર્શાવેલ છે. ચરકસંહિતામાં ૨૮ પ્રાણીઓની યાદી છે જેમનું માંસ ગુણકારી છે. સુશ્રુત સંહિતામાં ૧૬૮ પ્રકારનું માંસ સ્વાસ્થ્ય માટે ફાયદાકારક ગણાવ્યું છે. એટલું જ નહીં, કેટલાક રોગની સારવાર માટે ગૌમાંસને પ્રાથમિકતા આપી છે. સુશ્રુત તો એટલે સુધી કહે છે કે ગર્ભવતી સ્ત્રીએ ભાવિ બાળકના સ્વાસ્થ્ય માટે આખલાનું માંસ ખાવું જોઈએ.

✴ સાહિત્યિક રચનાઓ...
કાલિદાસ,ભવભૂતિ વગેરેની રચનાઓ બિનધાર્મિક શ્રેણીની છે.મહાભારતની જેમ કાલિદાસ પણ મેઘદત્ત કાવ્યમાં રતિદેવે કરેલ ગૌબલીઓને વર્ણવે છે.ભવભૂતિ (૭ સદી) ની રચના મહાવિરચિત્ર માં વસિષ્ઠ ક્રોધિત પરશુરામને શાંત કરવા વાછરડાના ભોજનનું પ્રલોભન આપે છે. શ્રીહર્ષ (૧૨ સદી) એ પોતાની રચના નૈષધચિત્રમાં લગ્ન સમયે થતા ગૌમાંસ સહિતના માંસાહારને બતાવ્યા છે. કુમારિલ ભટ્ટ અને આદિ શંકરાચાર્યે વેદિકપશુબલિનો બચાવ કર્યો હતો.

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ગાયની “પવિત્ર“ ભ્રમણાને દૂર કરવા આટલા સંદર્ભો પૂરતા છે. પુસ્તકમાં અનેક સંદર્ભો હોય, તમામ જણાવી શકું તેમ નથી. પણ અહીં એક એવો વૈજ્ઞાનિક પુરાવો છે જે પ્રાચીન પશુબલિનો દાવો સાચો સાબિત કરે છે. એચ.ડી.સાંકળિયા નામક પુરાતનશાસ્ત્રીએ સૈકડ઼ોં સદી પૂર્વેના મળેલ વિવિધ પશુઓના હાડકાઓ ઉપર સંશોધન કર્યું હતું; જેમાં પશુ ઉપર તીક્ષણ હથિયાર વડે પ્રહાર થયા હોય તેવા નિશાનો મળી આવ્યા હતા. ખાસ કરીને ગાય/આખલાને મળતા હાડકાઓમાં તેવા નિશાનો સાફ જોવા મળ્યા. એટલે કહેવાતા સતયુગ-દ્રાપરયુગમાં ગૌમાંસ મુખ્ય ભોજન હશે.

લેખકે વિવિધ સંદર્ભો વડે સાબિત કર્યું છે કે ગાય પ્રાચીન સમયમાં પવિત્ર નહીં, પણ સ્વાદિષ્ટ પશુ હતું. જો કે કેવી રીતે ગાય પવિત્ર બની તેનો જવાબ જાણવા મળતો નથી.છતાં પોસ્ટ-બુદ્ધિસ્ટ ગ્રંથોમાં નિયમો આધીન માંસાહાર ઉપરનું નિયંત્રણ દેખી શકાય છે. સમય જતા પશુહિંસાને પાપ ને દરજ્જો મળ્યો ;પણ તે લઘુપાતકની શ્રેણીમાં હતું ,મહાપાતક નહીં.(લઘુપાતક એટલે નાનું પાપ , મહાપાતક એટલે મોટું પાપ) આ કોયડાનો વિસ્તારમાં અર્થપૂર્ણ જવાબ આંબેડકરે આપેલ છે.
            

જો કે આપણા ભવ્ય ઇતિહાસમાં ગાયનું શું સ્થાન હતું તેનો ચોક્સાઈથી જવાબ અહીં જાણી શકાય છે.
( Rusang Borisa  )

Metaphysical Poetry

METAPHYSICAL POETRY : Reflective Blog

# Guest Lecture Dr.R. K. Mandaliya sir Organised by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.

          

        "Metaphysical means           

 something superior."

• Metaphysical portry is extremely intelligent and witty. It is deeply religious but is also ironical. Metaphysical is about exploration and philosophy not about science and mathematics.

• It is a little bit different from other types of poetry. Poems classified in this category do share the same characteristics. They are all of highly intellectualised , use strange imagery and contain complicated thoughts.

One example of metaphysical poetry .

• Meaning of Metaphysical poetry. 

But Today I wrote about Edmund Spenser's poem One day I wrote her name....

• The sonnet 'One day I wrote her name ...' is a fine example of what poetry is and does. It is written by well known Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ( 1552-1599). Spencer has written many of poems like 'Faerie Queen','The Shapherd's Calendar', 'Epithalamion' ect. Charles Lamb admiringly called him ( Spencer ) " The poet's poet".

Edmund Spenser

• Spenser's Amoretti, a finest specimen of Elizabethan sonnets , is addressed to his beloved Elizabeth Boyle whom Spencer marries later. Thus his is the Amoretti a saga (long time) of love. It is the collection of 88 sonnets. This Sonnets No. 75( One day I wrote her name upon the strand) highlights a traditional question of mortality and permanence. Edmund Spenser employs figurative language to evoke not only imagery but also an emotional response from the reader. The poem shows us a vivid picture : the couple is along the seaside, the man is trying to write the lady's name on the sand, but waves come and wash it away. Then he writes again, but all in vain. The lady persuades him to give up and says that as time passes, she will also die just as the name wiped out by tide. But the man holds a different point of view : He believes his verses will make her immortal. Let us try to analyse the sonnet at three different levels.

• At the phonological level, it can be seen that, being a sonnet, the lyric carries 14 lines with the perfect rhyme-scheme. Spencer's big innovation to the 14 line sonnet was a new rhyme scheme. Instead of following the traditional Italian rhyme scheme : 

                 ABBA ABBA CDECDE

• Spencer wrote his sonnets with the rhyme scheme : 

                 ABAB BCBC CDCD EE

• The major innovation of the Spencerian sonnet is the couplet at the end. Those final rhyming lines provide the poem with a major sense of closure. In "Sonnet 75", the final two lines of the poem rhyme beautifully: 

         

•  Where whenas death shall all the world subdue,

Our love shall live , and letter life renew."

• The poem is written in almost perfect iambic pentameter (sonnets). It is a pair of syllables with the first one unstressed, the second stressed. In line no.5 when his beloved speaks...

•     " Vain man, " said she,"

 that dost in vain assay,

The line's first two syllables call our attention, because they are two stressed syllables in a row –– what we call a spondee.

• At the structural level, we can find the use of archaic words in the lines of the lyric like : paynes – pains, tyde – tide, agayne – again, vayne – vain etc. The use of 'y' in place of 'i'. The simplicity in the structure of sonnet reflects intense love of the poet for his beloved. The use of different nouns and adjectives heightens the felling of the poet to make his love eternal. 

• At the semantic level, the poem is packed with meaning. The first four lines show the futility of life ––– or love ––– lasting forever, like writing in the sand. The speaker says third he does this: writing his sweetheart's love in the stand, but at the Waves comes and wash it away waste twice. Spenser metaphorically compares tied rising and falling to the process of life. Also, in the sentence" But came the tyde, and made my paynes his prey" , the poet personifies the seawater to a beast and compress the "name" to "his prey" , which implies that time and Tide wait for no man, and that everyone is doomed to die. 

• One day I wrote her name upon the strand

But came the waves and washed it away : 

• In the next 4 lines, the speaker's lady love tell him that he works in vain to immortalize her, " A mortal thing..." She points out that one day she will die ––– her body will fall to decay as all living things must ––– in that moment, she says her name will be lost, wiped out as the Wave erases the letters in the sand. In essence, she is telling him to " pull himself together: this is the way of life and death".

And eek my name nee wyped out lykewize.

• The author's love for his woman is so great that he refuses to accept what she has said, and strives to prove her wrong. Other things that are " based" may die and rot, but he insists that by writing this poem, he will immortalize her so that long after her death, even the heavens will remember her " glorious" name. In this he is nous not speaking natural beauty, but but her spiritual " loveliness."

• ... Her seeks to immortalize... Not the physical beauty of the beloved, but those spiritual qualities....[of her] spiritual beauty...

• Perhaps he is not only promising that men and Angels will remember her and she will live on, but someone essence of this woman he loves so passionately will live on in him with his words.

  My verse your vertues rare shall eternize,

• At the end of the poem, rhyming couplets of to summarise the poems intent. This is domain thought the speaker is trying to share ––– to make understood. He claims that while the rest of the world will pass away ––– be " subdued" by the circle of life and death ––– his love will allow them both to live on in this verse. 

• The poet believes that while people pass away, words internalize a person that he or she may live on beyond the boundaries that apply to most humans. The theme of immortality achieved thought literature is not uncommon, and in all the years that have passed since the poem's inception, thought we do not know her name, which still remember his love for her ––– which does not leave on in poetry.

• In a nutshell, we can say that in Sonnet 75," One day I wrote her name.... He claimed to have found permanence in the monument created by art. Spenser believes that by eternalizing the beautiful essence of her spirituality, She will live on in the next life ––– as will their love ––– beyond the end of time on earth.

• Conclusion 

• Metaphysical poetry is not intended to be read in a passive way. Its use of paradox, imagery, conceit and wit is meant to awaken the reader. Metaphysical poetry asks the philosophical questions about religion, faith, spirituality and being. 

Visited ANKUR school.

# On 28 - June - 2019

# Department of English.
# MKBU_Bhavnagar.
#Visit ANKUR School.
#Sardarnagar.
#Acadamic visit of Disable_Child.
#Visit Care Home of Special_Child

Ankur School 

Ankur School ii's the school for special child and for disabled child. In that school children learn start with their regular routine like brushing , clothing , etc. They also don't know about gender differences so their teachers also take care about that also.

In that school students have many different classes. They can't have class like us but they have class vocational 1,2,3. 

In this school Child was not normal the all are psychological Child. They can't living normal life. This school is NGO. In this school Child was so pampered by teachers because of his mental condition. They can't understand normal situation and they behave some time un-understanding things. So that school teach them all things without any fees and any requirement. 

This is the great visit of understand that child and how they fight with God and have great life. They struggle with their condition and have normal life.