B.A. Sem-6 P-11

 Question -5 

Write a detail note on Origin Of Language.

Answer -5 

Introduction

Language is one of the most prized possession of human beings language has a very important social purpose. Language is the only thing that makes human beings different from other living beings on the Earth. Before setting out to make a study of development of the English language it is very important to not some basic elementary facts concerning language in General George Smith was correct when he said,

              " The discovery of language

                    Marked the beginning  

                          Of Language."    

There are one or two elementary facts concerning language in generally. That we should keep clearly in our mind. The first thik to realise is that language is primary something that is spoken not written. F.T. Wood in his ' History of English Language' points out,

    " The term language as used of historical          times refers solely to Communication 

       by means of Speech or writing and of 

       this two the former is the basic and 

                        primary one." 

The introduction of the system of recording thought and Speech by writing was a very important step. It was a major advancement without which we should be completely unaware from the and writing are only subtitute for speech because what is written is ditermine by what is written is ditermine by what is say. 

Secondly we must realized that language is evolutionary, not static change is constantly going on, language can be not set or fixed. We should always also realized that speech or language is the distinguished characteristics of human beings. It is a most important factor that makes human beings different from others animals on the earth.

Every trible or race of human beings speaks a language of some kind. The lower animal make noises some of them are spontaneous and meaningless, others make expressive noise profession Lloyd James in his book 'Our Spoken Language' notes,

"Many animals have all the necessary Speech Organs, at least in embryo and that had they shown any aptitude to use them in the some why that primitive man did."

As man developed mind and personality he could developed Speech.

There is no certainty about the origin of language at present four chief theories hold the field of language.

1. The Bow-Vow Theory.

2. The Ding-Dong Theory.

3. The Pooh-Pooh Theory.

4. The Gesture Theory.

1. The Bow-Vow Theory

These is the first theory of origin of language, it holds the earliest Speech was produced by man's attempting to imitate some characteristic sound of the creature or the object. In this imitative tendency, the theorist's found the biginning of language. The expoanats of this theory pointed out that young child adops a similar method of expression. He is only reproducing the behaviour of his adult ancestors. For him the thing that distinguished is "Bow-Vow Theory." It is found that many words of recent origin also have anomatopoeic elements.

2. The Ding-Dong Theory.

The second theory as the Ding-Dong Theory is associated with the name of German Scholar Marks Mular this theory says that the beginning of language is to be found in the sense of rythem which seems to have been in man from a very premitute stage and that is connected with the rest of the universe. This Theory also tells about emitation but imitation of movement rather than sound observing a rythem in stream and trees man Ding-Donged phonetically to them. This Theory would thus connect the origin of Speech with other development of tribes.   

 3. The Pooh-Pooh Theory.

The third is Theory is of Emotions. This Pooh-Pooh Theory that all forms of attarorns goes back to emotional inter-jewalketed by pain, surprise, pleasure, wonder etc. This has become known as the Pooh-Pooh Theory since the phrare a scheme, at first this exlamission implay disgust. In this principal some theorist found the origin of language. 

4. The Gesture Theory.

Finally there is the theory advanced by Wilhelm Woundt and later developed by Sir Richard Paget in his book human's Speech which we may call the Gesture Theory. The earliest method of communication was by sing or gesture made with the hands. Such a language was Natural and Spontaneous. 

Even today we make a Gesture of hand when we wish to call someone. 

Conclusion.

In a Nutshell bit is marked that this are the Four chief theories concerning the Origin of human speech there is something to be said about them all but none in itself seems really satisfactory. Dr. William, M. Arban in his book Language and reality dismisses the first three theories by to learning that even when all the theories combined they do not explain everything perhaps the truth is that such Theory is correct up to a point but only up to a point. They all the other factor suggested where operative and speech was the result of a combination of processes rather than any particular process. 

Question -6.

The Classification and discription of Speech Sounds: Vowels.

Answer -6.

Introduction.

Language has a very important purpose for Linguistic Communication. Linguistic ia a systematic study of language. "Phonetic is a branch of Linguistic, dealing with the study of human Speech Sounds. There are mainly 44 different types of Speech Sounds. Speech Sounds are brodly divided into two categories.

" All the Speech Sounds that pass form our mouth freely and continvauslly without any , fraction are called vowels".

There are 12 pure Vowels and 8 dipthongs to discribe a Vowel, we take it to ancount three things: 

1. Part of the Tongue:

- Front, Center or Back.

2. Height of the Tongue: 

- Close , Half Close, Half Open, Open.

3. Position of Lips: 

- Rounded , Unrounded.

1. Part of the Tongue: 

During the use of vowel sounds, the Tongue is active articulation for the production of vowel, sounds three parts of tongue are used front, back, center. The sound produced with the some parts of Organs that are the Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Roof of the Mouth between hard and soft Palate. According to these there are three types of vowels:

Front Vowels:

Front Vowels are vowels articulated with the front of the tongue raised towards Hard Palate. There are four front Vowels:

| i: | - seen.                    |i | - sit

| e | - had.                      | æ|- sat 

Back Vowels: 

They are articulated with the back of the Tongue raised towards the Soft Palate. There are five Back Vowels:  

| u: | - Poonam

| u | - Put

|a: | - Part

Central Vowels:

They are Vowels articulated with center of the Tongue raised towards the part of the roof of the month between hard Palate and Soft Palate. There are three central Vowels:

|3: | girl

All the Vowels wether front, back or centeral are not pronounced with the same place. Each time when the Tongue is raised it takes different positions. For our understanding we have divided the Height of the Tongue on four parts: 

2. Height of the Tongue:

Close Vowels : The Vowels Articulate with the Tongue raised close to the roof of the Mouth but with a gap so air exzupt freely from mouth.

eg. |i: | , |u: | etc.

Open Vowels: Vowels that are articulated with the tongue Being away from the roof of the Mouth are called open Vowels.

Half Close Vowels : They are articulated with the tongue raised between the close and open position nearer to close position are called half close Vowels. 

Half Open Vowels: The Vowels Articulated with the tongue raised between the close and open position but nearem to open position are called half open Vowels.

3. Position of the Lips: 

For easy Classification of Vowels we position of Lips:

1. Rounded

2. Unrounded

1. | i: | - seed - front close unrounded vowels. 

2. | i | - Front unrounded vowels just above half close.

3. | e | - front unrounded vowel between close and open.

4. | æ | - Front unrounded vowel just above open. 

5. | u: | - Back close rounded Vowels.

6. | u | - Back rounded Vowels just above half close.

7.  |   | - Back rounded Vowels between half open and close.

8. | | - Back rounded Vowels just above open.

9. | a: | - Back open rounded vowel.

10. | 9 | - Center unrounded vowel between half open and close. 

11. | π | - Center unrounded vowel just above half open.

12.  | 3: | - Center unrounded vowel just above half open.

Question -7

Syllable

A group of one or two Consonant or Vowel.

While analysing Speech we will have to consider units of individual speech sound. We have studied about Consonant and Vowels in detail the unit that is next in hilrchy to the Speech sound is the syllabus.

A words is maid up of one or more syllables. A syllables consist of one more speech sounds. 

NUCLEUS :- The Central or the most important part of an object and truth.

Realising Consonants :- CV

Arresting Consonants :- CVCC

The elements with which syllables are made fall into two classic Vowels and Consonants. If a syllable consists of just one sound it will be Vowel.

If a syllable has more than one speech sound one of them will be a Vowel and than others Consonants.

The vowel in a syllable is it's centeral elements and is called the Nucleus of a syllable. The Consonant that beings a syllable is called a realising Consonant and that one that comes at the end of the syllable is called the Arresting Consonants.

The Nucleus is the central compulsory elements of a syllable and the realising and arresting Consonant are optional and marginal elements. 

The Nucleus and the Symbolised (V). The marginal elements are Symbolised (C).

:- Some Syllable have only the Nucleus.

E.g.  -   I            | a:   i |   

                             V.   V

         -   oh        | o   u |

                              V.  V   

        - Ah.         | a: | 

                             V

Each one of this has just one speech sound which is it's Nucleus.

All the mono syllabic words have the structured We.

Some syllables have the structure of the Nucleus and an arresting Consonants.

E.g.     -   Am      |  ^    m |

                                 V.   V 

           -   All.      |  ^.  I.  I. |

                               V.  C.  C

      

          -    Up.      | e.   p.  |

                              V.   C

This Syllables can be said to have the structure VC.

Certain Syllables have a realising Consonant and the Nucleus but no Arresting Consonants.