A Frankenstein P5

Name : Sejal N. Solanki 

Roll No. : 27

Semester : 2.

Batch : 2019 - 2021

Enrollment No. : 2069108420200037

Email : sejal.solanki3107@gmail.com

Class : M.A. Sem : 2.

Paper : 5. ( The Romantic Literature) 

Topic : The Frankenstein

            ( Summary , Themes )

Submitted by Dr. Dilip Barad 

                        Department of English 

Maharaja Krishnakumar singhji Bhavnagar University.

The Frankenstein

About the Writer 

Mary Shelley (London, 30 August 1797 - February 1, 1851) was an English novelist, essayist and biographer. She is the author of the gothic novel Frankenstein, published in 1818. Edited editions of the poems of her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley, the romantic poet and philosopher. She was the daughter of the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and the forerunner of political philosopher William Godwin. Mary Wollstonecraft died ten days after the birth of Mary who grew up with her father. When Mary was three years her father was married to Mary Jane Clairmont. She provides rich and informal education, encouraging them to adhere to her politics. In 1814, Mary fell in love with Percy. They were married in 1816. In 1822 her husband was drowned while crossing the Bay of La Spezia. A year later, Mary returned to England where she devoted herself to her writing career. He spent the last decade of his life in the disease, probably due to a brain tumor, which killed the age of 53 in 1851.

Mary Shelley began writing Frankenstein when she was only eighteen. At once a Gothic thriller, a passionate romance, and a cautionary tale about the dangers of science, Frankenstein tells the story of committed science student Victor Frankenstein. Obsessed with discovering the cause of generation and life and bestowing animation upon lifeless matter, Frankenstein assembles a human being from stolen body parts but; upon bringing it to life, he recoils in horror at the creature's hideousness. Tormented by isolation and loneliness, the once-innocent creature turns to evil and unleashes a campaign of murderous revenge against his creator, Frankenstein.

Summary:

Frankenstein is a great scientist who decided to attend Ingostad, a university in Germany. Here he shows his qualities and decides to combine animation with life. He succeeded in his plan. He leaves the creature because he is disgusted. Stolen his personal diary, the monster found the doctor in France. The monster killed William, Victor's brother. When they meet the monster confesses his mistake and supplies the doctor to create another being like him, a "woman."

The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823. In the novel, the monster is identified via words such as "creature", "monster", "fiend", " wretch "," vile insect'', `` daemon'', `` being'', and" it ". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as" the Adam of your labors ", and elsewhere as" who has been ". "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."

The doctor promises he would be able , but in the end he renounces. Frankenstein accepted to marry Elizabeth. The doctor wants to take revenge of his wife and follow the Monster. He even arrives at the North Pole. Here he is saved by his friend Walton. He manages to narrate his story but he dies because of temperature and fatigue.

Frankenstein is infused with some elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic Movement and is also considered to be one of the earliest examples of science fiction. It should be considered the first true science fiction story, because unlike in previous stories with resembling fantasy elements, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results. It has had a great influence throughout literature and popular culture and has spawned a whole genre of horror stories, films, and plays.

The novel has many characters. All of the character creation of Victor Frankenstein is an antagonist of the novel. The antagonist is Frankenstein - Monster. Victor created the Frankenstein and after watching, Victor frightened and did not accept. So hatred of the master and society made Frankenstein as a Monster.

THEMES 

Dangerous Knowledge

Both Frankenstein and victor attempt to surge beyond human limits. But this knowledge is really dangerous. In Fact the doctor is driven to death by his creature. And walton too is trapped between sheets of ice. So he gave up his mission because he saw the unhappy end of his friend. 

Sublime Natural

Sublime natural world, embraced by Romanticism, initially offers characters the possibility of spiritual renewal. Victor heads the mountains to lift his spirit. The influence of nature on mood is evident, except for victor who realizes that the monster will hunt him forever, infact even the monster feels spring.in the end arctic desert acts as the symbolic backdrop for his primal struggle against the monster. 

Monstrosity 

This theme pervades the entire novel. Monstrosity of the monster results from his grotesque appearance and from the unnatural manner of his creation(amics og stolen body parts). His is a product of a dark and supernatural working. It is only the most literal of the monstrous entities in the novel. For example the knowledge that Victor used to create the monster. Victor himself is a kind of monster because his ambition and selfishness alienated him from society. (ordinary outside while monster inside). The novel is a monstrous combination of different voices, texts and tenses. 

Texts

Frankenstein is an overflow of texts: letters, notes, books, nestled inside each other or simply quoted. Paradise lost fits inside the monster’s story. The profusion of texts serves as concrete manifestations of characters attitudes and emotions. Language plays an enormous role in monster’s development. By hearing he learns to speak and read which enables him to understand the manner of his creation(as described in Victor’s journal).

Secrecy

It is secrecy who combines Victor and the monster. The doctor conceives of science as a mystery to be probed and its secrets once discovered must be jealously guarded. Victor's obsession is shrouded in secrecy until he talks to walton. The monster is forced to exclusion. Walton serves as the final confessor for both and the tragic relationship becomes immortalized in Walton’s letters. 

Birth and Creation

 Mary Shelley does this through the main character, Victor (Frankenstein), who succeeds in creating a “human” life form. In doing this, Frankenstein has taken over the role of women and God. Shelly discusses how Frankenstein has used his laboratory as a kind of ‘womb’ as he has worked on his creation. He also refers to his task as his labour, suggesting that he has literally given birth to his creation.

Alienation 

Victor is one character who is alienated from others. This is due to his desire for knowledge, and the vast amount of time in which he spends in completing his scientific experiment. Victor choses to be alienated, despite the fact that he insists many times that the only reason he is isolated from others is because of the Monster. Alienation is also shown through the creature which Victor creates. The suffering of the creature in the novel is also the result of being alienated, but unlike Victor, he does not bring this upon himself. Instead, others isolated the Monster.

The Family and Domestic Affection 

The Family and Domestic Affections is also demonstrated in the novel Frankenstein. In the novel, the family unit is something which is frequently idealized. The home seems to be a paradise where the woman is the presiding angel. In the case of the Frankenstein home, Elizabeth is first adopted, as she is described as being somewhat angelic .

Frankenstein as a Gothic Fiction.

The word "Gothic" originally referred to the Goths, Gothic novel carries a typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain made large quantities use of Ghosts, mysterious disappearances and other sensational and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of any Gothic novel is to evoke terror by exploring mystery and variety of horror. 

All element of the Gothic novel in Frankenstein. Monster has been presented as the villain of the protagonist's happiness. It is the most striking elements of any Gothic novel which is completely applied in this novel. By the use of little-known technology with together the body parts of his experiments he creates Monster. The entire plot structure is dominated by the activities of the monster together with unbelievable supernatural real miracles. description about how the monster travelled in different places together with its destructive qualities in automatically created a horrific situation together with terror. 

Scientific fiction in Frankenstein

" Frankenstein's chemistry is to quote James Rieger, switched –on magic, souped up Alchemy the electrification of Agrippa and Paravelcus …. He wants the forbidden… he is a criminal magician who employs up to date tools." 

Some claims the novel to be the first legitimate example of the genre we now call science fiction , a genre that : 

• Is grounded in valid scientific research. 
• Predict what might be possible in the future given new scientific discoveries.
•  Offers a humanistic critique of either specific technological invention or the very mature of scientific thinking.  

Jane Donawerth contends that Frankenstein is feminist science fiction because it introduced 3 themes that can be repeatedly observed in science fiction. As written by woman: 

• Locating a female voice in a male world. 
• Creating an identity for women as alien.
• The exclusion of women from science.

P 8 Cultural Study of Hamlet

Cultural study of hamlet from SejalSolanki11

P 7 Deconstruction

Deconstuction from SejalSolanki11

P-6 Oliver Twist

Frankenstein

P 5 Frankenstein[1] from SejalSolanki11

C.S. Ch-4 Frankenstein & writers market.

Wednesday 19 - February - 2020.
Cultural Studies : Frankenstein and Writer Market. 

Hello Reader...

Today I'm writing one more blog about Cultural Studies. But in this blog I'm presenting about Study of Frankenstein in the light of Cultural Studies.



Frankenstein 

Frankenstein is a great scientist who decided to attend Ingostad, a university in Germany. Here he show his qualities and decides to combine i animation with life. He succeed in his plan. He leaves the creature because he is disgusted. Stolen his personal diary, the monster find the doctor in France. The monster killed William, Victor's brother. When they meet the monster confesses his mistake and supply the doctor to create an other being like him, a "woman."

The doctor promises he would be able , but in the end he renounces. Frankenstein accept to marry Elizabeth. The doctor wants to take revenge of his wife and follow the Monster. He even arrives to North Pole. Here he is saved by his friend Walton. He manages to narrate his story but he dead because of temperature and fatigue.

In below given quote we can see his hunger for knowledge and to create a life through that knowledge.

" The world was to me a secret

Which I desired to divine.

Curiosity earnest research to learn

the hidden laws of nature,

gladness akin to rapture,

as they were earliest

sensation I can remember."

Humanity which sees the moral or ethical consent of the novel and by this i also want to prove my point that's why Marry Shelley wants to creat a male monster? But any this regard I can say through observing all aspects. The aspects of novel and it's study that I have, and naturally this clear when it's shows the power of men and in other hand the ugliness of the Monster that she wants to show and also we can say in Cultural Studies of this Novel that, " A message on the irony and danger in the Quest for power " cause the generation is what that creates or challenge.

Revolutionary Births.
Age of Revolution and Modern Consumer Culture.

" Frankenstein is a vital Metaphor, peculiarly appropriate to CULTURE dominated by a consumer technology, neurotically obsessed with 'getting in touch' with it's authentic self and frightened at what it is discovering. "
- George Levine

From CNN descriptions of Saddam Hussein as an "American Created Frankenstein" to magazine articles that warn of genetically engineered " franken - foods ", test - tube babies and cloning.

Movie :- Article 15

# Movie - Article 15 
# Sponsored by Tanishq Jewellers
# M.K.B. University
# Writer - Gaurav Solanki & Anubhav             Sinha
# Director - Anubhav Sinha 
# Stars - Ayushman Khurrana 
              - Isha Talwar
              - Sayani Guptal
              - Kumud Mishra 
              - Manoj Pahwa
              - Veen & Sumbul Touqeer
Produce - Anubhav Sinha & Zee Studio
Music - 
               Song - Anurag Saikia
                         - Piyush Shankar
                         - Devin Parker 



Review :- 
This movie Article 15 about the Indian Constitution , which interdiction to the religion , caste , sex , gender ( race), and place of birth.
In Article 15 Ayushman Khurrana is the hero of movie. And in movie he was IAS officer. His first​ time going in village for the purpose of his job. In small village , in that village people believe in castism and up caste, lower caste. And then he shows all things and he have case of three girl who belongs to dalit society. Other his junior told him he can't do that and can't Hendley that case but he do and he was win, 2 girls are died but he save one girl. And he also broke castism and he chose right way. In last CBI hendle that case but hero also work with this case and he have ordered from his siniour you continue work on this case and he solved this case.

Chimamanda

08 - December - 2019
About the Chimamanda.

Hello Reader...

Today I'm presenting one more blog about the famous American writer Chimamanda. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was born in Nigeria in 1977. Her first novel ‘Purple Hibiscus’ was published in 2003 and was longlisted for the Booker Prize. Her second novel ‘Half of a Yellow Sun’ won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction. Her short story collection, ‘The Thing Around Your Neck’, was published to critical acclaim in 2009. Her work has been selected by the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association and the BBC Short Story Awards, has appeared in various literary publications, including Zoetrope and The Iowa Review. She won a MacArthur ‘genius’ grant in 2009, and in 2010 appeared on the New Yorker’s list of the best 20 writers under 40. Her third novel, ‘Americanah’, was published to widespread critical acclaim in 2013. She lives in Nigeria.

CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE's work has appeared in numerous publications, including The New Yorker and Granta. She is the author of the novels Purple Hibiscus; Half of a Yellow Sun, which won the Orange Prize; Americanah, which won the NBCC Award and was a New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, and Entertainment Weekly Best Book of the Year; the story collection The Thing Around Your Neck; and the essay We Should All Be Feminists. A recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, she divides her time between the United States and Nigeria.

A few years ago, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie received a letter from a dear friend from childhood, asking her how to raise her baby girl as a feminist. Dear Ijeawele is Adichie's letter of response.

Here are fifteen invaluable suggestions–compelling, direct, wryly funny, and perceptive–for how to empower a daughter to become a strong, independent woman. From encouraging her to choose a helicopter, and not only a doll, as a toy if she so desires; having open conversations with her about clothes, makeup, and sexuality; debunking the myth that women are somehow biologically arranged to be in the kitchen making dinner, and that men can "allow" women to have full careers, Dear I jeawele goes right to the heart of sexual politics in the twenty-first century. It will start a new and urgently needed conversation about what it really means to be a woman today.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was born on September 15, 1977 in Enugu, Nigeria. Before her birth, Adichie's family lost nearly everything as a result of the Nigerian Civil War. She was raised in Nsukka, near the University of Nigeria. Her father, James Nwoye Adichie, was a professor of statistics and later became the deputy vice-chancellor of the University. Her mother, Ifeoma Aidichie, was the university's first female registrar. Adichie is the fifth child in a family of six children. Her family is of Igbo descent.

Adichie enrolled at the University of Nigeria, where she studied medicine and pharmacy. After a year and a half, Adichie relocated to the United States to continue her studies. Although she did not originally study literature, Adichie still nourished her interest in writing. She worked as an editor for her university's student-led publication, and she published both a collection of poems and a play before completing undergrad. She graduated with a B.A. summa cum laude from Eastern Connecticut State University in 2001. She went on to receive masters degrees from both John Hopkins University and Yale University.

From a young age, Adichie was inspired by Chinua Achebe's literary representation of Nigerian people. In 2003, Adichie published her first novel, entitled Purple Hibiscus. It was shortlisted for the Orange Prize and awarded the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize for Best First Book. She was awarded with the Orange Prize in 2007 for her second novel, Half of a Yellow Sun. In 2008, she received a MacArthur Fellowship. A collection of short stories, entitled The Thing Around Your Neck, was published in 2009.

Adichie's work centers around the themes of Nigerian culture, African identity in the United States, and feminism. In 2009, Adichie gave a TED Talk entitled "The Danger of a Single Story." The video clip later went viral on YouTube. In 2012, Adichie gave another Tedx talk called "We Should All be Feminists," which was later sampled in Beyonce's 2013 hit song, "***Flawless."

Adichie lives between the United States in Nigeria.

Book review.

Take note world. When Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie tells you to listen, you listen’ Stylist

‘Dear Ijeawele reminds us that, in the history of feminist writing, it is often the personal and epistolary voice that carries the political story most powerfully – For me, the most powerful sentence in the book is its simplest, and comes in only the third paragraph. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie urges Ijeawele to remember to transmit to her daughter “the solid unbending belief that you start off with . . . Your feminist premise should be: I matter. I matter equally. Not ‘if only’. Not ‘as long as’. I matter equally. Full stop.”..there is no doubt that if we raised all of our daughters to believe completely that they “matter equally”, to trust what they feel and think and to worry less about how they look and come across, we would soon find new ways to challenge the multiple injustices and indignities that still limit, and even wreck, so many women’s lives.’ New Statesman

Praise for Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie:

‘The book I'd press into the hands of girls and boys, as an inspiration for a future "world of happier men and happier women who are truer to themselves"’ Books of the Year, Independent.

‘A writer with a great deal to say’ The Times.

'Here is a new writer endowed with the gift of ancient storytellers.’ Chinua Achebe.

‘Adiche [has] virtuosity, boundless empathy and searing social acuity’ Dave Eggers.

Other Book : Americanah.

Americanah is the third novel of author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, published in 2013 after the success of her novels Purple Hibiscus (2003) and Half of a Yellow Sun (2006). Like her two prior novels, Americanah focuses on the lives of Nigerians, primarily the character Ifemelu who is born and raised in Nigeria and moves to the United States in her twenties. The novel intensely scrutinizes race in the United States as well as life, love, and wealth in both the US and Nigeria. Americanah met immediate critical acclaim and won multiple awards in 2013 including the 2013 National Book Critics Circle Award in Fiction and selection as one of the 10 Best Books of 2013 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review. It was announced in 2014 that a movie adaptation of the novel will be produced featuring Lupita Nyong’o and David Oyelowo as the romantic leads Ifemelu and Obinze.

Plot of the Book Americanah.

The story is told mainly through Ifemelu's thoughtful, critical narration and sometimes through posts from her blog “Raceteenth or Various Observations About American Blacks (Those Formerly Known as Negroes) by a Non-American Black,” but the narration switches to Obinze's point of view for portions of the story to describe the difficulties he faced as an illegal worker in London and his quick rise to wealth upon returning to Nigeria.

When Ifemelu returns to Nigeria after some delay due to a suicide attempt made by her beloved cousin Dike, she and Obinze must decide where their friendship and love stand. Though Obinze faces a tough decision due to having a wife and young daughter, in the end he chooses to pursue a relationship with Ifemelu no matter the cost.

Thank you...

C. S. Ch - 3 Hamlet & To his coy mistress

Tuesday, 18 - March - 2020
Cultural Studies in Hamlet or To his coy Mistress.

Hello Reader...

Today I'm presenting one more blog about Cultural Studies. But in this blog I'm presenting two things, one play and one poem and also use Cultural Studies in those work. In this blog I'm writing about Culture and how Cultural Studies apply in play or poem.

Hamlet : 

"Hamlet" written by William Shakespeare. This is a tragedy or revenge play. Hamlet is a most important character.  'Hamlet' is the story of a 'Prince of Denmark , Hamlet.' Hamlet wants to take revenge of his father's death by his uncle Claudius. Shakespeare also changed entire story with making his Hamlet as a Philosophical Prince. This play concept is a very different or very Sophisticated of the way. Shakespeare novel is a very famous or different novel.


Cultural Studies examines power relationship also It emphasis on it for the example, Cultural Studies and its critics assume oppositional roles wherever they might be found. In this play some marganalized character. We have not been given enough importance and those who should have been given recognition in their lives. "Hamlet" is a "play within the play."

Hamlet belongs to Royal family. He was intelligent and educated with the proper understanding. Hamlet political power, indeed on all natter that deeply affect people's practical and day to day live. Here shown power is importance over life so if you have money that time your identity of main and give position. So the people who have money and power position they will given importance. Rosencrantz and Guildensten are marganalized character. Rosencrantz and Guildensten is major character in the play. Rosencrantz delivers speech is :

" The singular and peculiar life is bound with all the strength and armor of the mind to keep itself from Noyance ....
Each small annexment , petty consequence , attends the boisterous ruin. Never alone Did the king sigh but with general groan."

 Hamlet's Soliloquies : " To be or not to be..."

This passage is thoughtful and in Imagistically successful passage, worthy of a wise and Accomplished statement. But many readers and viewer to the play would rank. This paraphrase best Soliloquies "play within the play."

Rosencrantz and Guildensten is a marganalization character is the Shakespeare novel. This Novel is two character of marginalized, then let us look upon the Rosencrantz and Guildensten. There are a different of the novel. Both are voiceless and it is easy to forget which of the two speaks. He is a very beautiful or modern character of the play. Rosencrantz and Guildensten are distinctly plot driven empty of personality in a different way and eager to curry favor with power even if it means spying on their erstwhile friend. Their character are a very different individual, corporative. But most important of Hamlet because is a central hero is protagonist of the play. All the think of the power distance.

What is to be understood? It is necessary to enrich our response to Hamlet by looking at a related Cultural and Philosophical. Manifestation from the 20th century. In the 20th century the dead , or never living and Rosencrantz and Guildensten where resuscitated by Tom Stopper in a Fascinating re-seeing of their existence their existence, or it's lack. It is to note that the essence of marginalization is here Rosencrantz and Guildensten are archetypal human beings. In this play powerless Rosencrantz and Guildensten.

The meaning of their names it different or hardly match what seems to be the essence of their characters. Murray J. Levith is written by Rosencrantz - " Garland of Rose" or Guildensten - "Golden Star."

Power comes from diffrent situation and also behaviour, where Hamlet's madness gives power to Claudius, Hamlet's behavior is very different or there are create to a Claudius because Claudius kill to Hamlet's Father. Claudius was aware about power, clearly when he observed of Hamlet's " Madness in great once must not unwatched go."

The two character death of 20th century. For such is power in the world's of kings and Prince. The use of language is in that deconstruction or very simplified. Rosencrantz and Guildensten is a marganalization hero are archetypal human being caught up on ship nowhere except to death. Mor is it merely a literary construct.  England had known the effects of such power off and on for centuries.

Hamlet play is a related culture and philosophical view. Thus, a cultural and historical view that was Shakespeare's is radically reworked to reflect a cultural and philosophical view of another time.There needed no ghost to come from the world of the dead to tell Marvell’s speaker about the real world.


To his coy Mistress : 

Andrew Marvell born on 1621 and died on 1678. He was leading Poet of Renaissance period. In his poetry love, nature and religion are mixed up but there is delight in the pleasure of life. He also wrote political verse and satire. " To his coy Mistress " is most famous of all his poetry.

Theme :- Pleasure of Love.
The port beloved is very much shy. Life is very short. Lover should not west their time in a such a thing. They should enjoy the life. If they don't use it Death will come. So the Poet advise to his Mistress to leave the coyness and love him. It's a Matter of physical love, the need of physical love.

Argument to leave coyness
The poem is like an ode. It address to Poet beloved. By the title it is clear that the lady is very beautiful woman and she is conscious of it. There is satire on her. This is the argument of the Poet to explain her important of time. Time is very short for us. He says,
            " But at my back I always hear,
       Time's winged chariot hurrying near."

Difficult metaphor and images.
This is aspect of metaphysical poetry. The meaning is related to Love's slow growth. Lyrical quality of the poem is the supreme power of the Poet. This is mixed up with philosophy of life, love and death.

Sweetness of the poem.
It's a beautiful lyric, there are all the quality make the sweet. Line are like proverbial as they are short and sweet. Felling are strong and conveyed in rhythmic way. Powerful imagery, smiles, and metaphor help the diction. Assonance and consonance are plenty.

Heroic couplets.
The poem has specific rhyme scheme. Lines ending matching words. Such rhyme scheme is known as couplet. There is rhyme scheme is AA , BB , CC.

Historical facts of that time. First there are minor difference between historical fact and New historical fact. In 1650 great Plague happens in Europe. Historical fact is fact about past. Black death in grate plague of London from July to October it killed some 68,000 person and a total 75,000in the course of the epidemic.

Jules Brody tries to analyzed the poem through the Cultural Studies. In the first stanza he shows "it's insistent, exaggerated literariness." In the second stanza Brody sees not only the conventional carpe diem theme from Horace but also echoes from Ovid. Brody posits the " implied reader " as distinct from the fictive lady.

Marvell is a highly educated person. Belongs to the upper class. He thinks in terms of precious stone, of exotic and distant place. For the upper class people if is a milieu where eating, drinking, and making, merry seem to be an achievable way of life. We are justified in speculating that his coy lady is like the Implied Reader. Equally well educated , knowledgeable of the conventions Marvells uses in Parody.

During this era at least one quarter of the European population was below the poverty line. Nor, dose the speaker think of disease as a daily reality that might face. In the third stanza he alludes to Future death and dissolution. Although the speaker thrusts disease and death into the future, we know that syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases were just as real a phenomenon in Marvell's day as in our era.

One might turn to a different disease that was in some ways even more ominous, more wrenching, in it's grasp of the mind and body of the general population. Move ahead a few years beyond the probable time of composition of the poem in the early 1650s. Move to 1664-65 , that was then the London populace was faced with an old horror, one that had ravaged Europe as early as A. D. 542.

It did it again in it's most thoroughgoing way in the middle of the 14th century. Killing millions people perhaps 25 million in Europe alone. It was ready to strike again. It was of course a recurrence of the Black Death in the 'Great Plague of London.' from July to October it killed some 68,000 persons and total of 75,000 people in the course of the epidemic. It's physical manifestation, it's rapid spread , the quickness of the death.

So here we find that Marvell failed to represent the idea of historical fact of his contemporary era. And so instead of that he presented theme of love and beauty.

Thank you...

C. S. Ch - 2 five types of CS.

6 - February -2020
Five types of Cultural Studies.


Hello Reader...

I 'm presenting one more blog about Culture and Cultural Studies. Our Professor Dr. Dilip Barad Sir gives this blog a better understanding of Cultural Studies as well as Culture. Culture is part of our day to day life. Now we know what is Culture? And What is Cultural Studies ?. Culture is derives from the Latin word 'cultura.' to 'honor' and 'protect'. Culture is a symbolic communication. Culture is the knowledge of systems shared by a relatively large group of people. "Culture is the learned behavior of a society or a subgroup." Now we begin with British Cultural Materialism, and New Historicism, and American Multiculturalism, etc.

Five types of Cultural Studies

1.British Cultural Materialism.

Cultural Studies is referred to as "Cultural Materialism in Britain." Matthew Arnold redefine the givens to British culture.
Edward Tylor argued that "Culture or civilization taken in it's widest ethnographic sense is a complex whole which ' includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Cultural Materialism began in 1950's with the work of F. R. Leavis and heavily influenced by Matthew  Arnold. Raymond Williams talks about attributes of working class and Elite class. " There are no masses ; there are only ways of seeing people as masses."

2. New Historicism.

New Historicism is a school of literary theory, first developed in 1980. The term 'New historicism' was created by the American critic Stephen Greenbellts. New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that Literature should be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic.

"New historicism is that it is a method based on the parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts, usually of the same historical period."
"Text is historical and history is textual."
- Michael Wallner.


3. American Multiculturalism.
As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the Pragmatism movement at the end of the 19th century in Europe and the United States. American multiculturalism was come into existence in 1964 with the passing Civil Right Act.

" Every American should understand Mexico from the point of view of the observer of the conquest and of the history before the conquest...."

4.  Post Modernism and Popular Culture.

The Term "Post Modernism" first entered the Philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of the Postmodern Condition by Jean - Francois Lyotard.

Popular Culture is the entirely of ideas, perspective, attitudes, images and
other Phenomena that are within the main stream of a given Culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century.

There are four main types of popular cultural Studies analyses like:

5. Post Colonial Studies.

Post Colonial theory is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to Cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.

These Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it.

Thank you ....

Culture ch - 1 Four Goals of CS

Tuesday, 04 - February - 2020

Culture , Cultural Studies , Four Goals of Cultural Studies and Examples. 

Hello Reader...

I'm presenting one more blog about Culture and Cultural Studies. Our Professor Dr. Dilip Barad Sir gives this blog for better understanding of Cultural Studies and also Culture. Culture is the part of our day to day life.

Cultural studies, interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of social institutions in the shaping of culture. Cultural studies emerged in Britain in the late 1950s and subsequently spread internationally, notably to the United States and Australia. Originally identified with the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham (founded 1964) and with such scholars as Richard Hoggart, Stuart Hall, and Raymond Williams, cultural studies later became a well-established field in many academic institutions, and it has since had broad influence in sociology, anthropology, historiography, literary criticism, philosophy, and art criticism. Among its central concerns are the place of race or ethnicity, class, and gender in the production of cultural knowledge.


Four Goals of Cultural Studies.

1.Interdisciplinary Studies.

Interdisciplinary in means that Branch of study. Interdisciplinary involves the combining of two or more academic discipline into one activity. It is about creating new by crossing boundaries, and thinking across them.

What is Interdisciplinary?
It is released to an interdisciplinary field , which organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic discipline or school of thought as we need and profession emerge.
The term Interdisciplinary is applied within education and training pedagogies to discribe Studies that use methods and insight of several established discipline or traditional field of history.

Cultural Studies is not necessarily about Literature in the traditional sense or even about "art", in their introduction to Cultural Studies, editors Lawrence Grossberg , Cary Nelson and Paula Treichler emphasize that intellectual promise of cultural studies lies in it's attempts to "cut across diverse social and political interests and address many of the struggle within the current scene."
Intellectual works are not limited by their owns borders as single texts , historical problems , or disciplines , and critic's own personal connection to what is being analyzed may also be described.

A curse of Disciplinarity
' A challenge in the other discipline always seems 'easy' because we are not hindered by knowledge.'
  - Barend Mons

2. Politically Engaged.

Cultural critics see themselves as oppositional not only within but their own discipline but to many of the power structures of society at large.

They question inequalities within power structure and seek to discover models for restructuring relationship among dominant and minority or subaltern discourses.

Generally the meaning and individual subjectivity are culturally constructed , then can thus be reconstructed.

Such a motion, taken place Philosophical extreme, denies the autonomy of the individual, whatever an actual person or a character in Literature rebuttal of the traditional humanistic. Grate man or Grate book.



3. Cultural Studies Denise the Separation of high and low or Elite and Popular Culture.

"I came here to get a little Culture."

Cultural critics today works to transfer the term culture to include mass culture, whatever popular, folk, or urban.

Jean Baudrilland and Andreas Huyseen, the cultural critics who argue that after the worlds second world war the dictinction among high, law and mass culture collapsed, and they cute other theorists.


4. Cultural Studies analyze not only the Cultural work, but the means of production. 

How to produce the things?

Marxist critic have long recognized the importance of such literary question as these.

Who supports a given artist?
Who published his or her work/ books?
How are the books distributed?
Who buy books?

Those questions have by Marxist critic. Janice Radway's study of the American romance , novel and it's readers, Reading the Romance, Women, Patriarchy and Popular literature, which demonstrates the textual effects of the publishing industry's decisions about books that will minimize it's financial risks.

Cultural Studies this joins subjectivity. Culture in relation to individual lives with engagement a direct approach to attecking social ills. Though Cultural Studies practitioner deny "humanism" or the "the humanities" as universal categories, they strive for what they might call "social reason." Often resembles the goals and values of humanistic and democratic ideals.


Thank you...

Eco-criticism & Eco-feminism

Saturday, 02 - February - 2020

Understanding about Eco - Criticism and Eco - Feminism.

Hello Reader...
Today I'm presenting one more blog about Eco criticism and Eco Feminism. Our Professor Dr. Dilip Barad Sir gives this blog task on those topic. This topic is the good topic to understand situation of woman's in our society. And also what people think about them.

Eco - Criticism

Eco Criticism is the study of environment and Literature, Eco is the word shows science and Criticism word shows the part of Literature. How Literature and Science combine in one thing and people learn environment with diffrent sides.

If you use eco - criticism to analyze a text, you'll discover just how much nature is looking back at while you read it.

 Take for example, the story we started with: that squirrel and his tasty acorn. If you analyze this narrative using more established modes of literary theory, you probably shouldn't think much about what a squirrel actually is. And why it loves to eat acorns so stinkin 'so much. Instead, your analysis will probably sound something like this:

" This story in the acorn is a symbol for a woman's broken heart. The squirrel is a stand-in for a cheating husband chewing up the love of his wife and spitting it out onto the cold, hard ground. "

When people engage with stories about animals or acorns or trees, we have this wacky tendency to think they are all about us. Take that old classic, Animal Farm. As you read Animal Farm, you might think, "Man, the mean pig acts like a gym teacher. This story reminds me so much of my childhood."

So, you arrive at a literary analysis that totally centered on your puny little human thoughts, actions, desires, and motivations. But whatever happened to the pig itself? And the squirrel? And the acorn? The internet has made us kind of obsessed with squirrels.

Anyway, our point is this: in case you haven't noticed, humans can be very self-centered. Or, to dress up our claim in fancier terms, we often think in anthropocentric ways. Ecocriticism wants us to take a step back from our navel-gazing and ask such questions as:

What do we mean, exactly, when we say "nature"? What is and is not part of "nature"?

How do people relate to nature in different ways at different points in history? What's all that got to do with evolving technologies, industrialism, and post-industrialism?

Is "place" —like, under a oak tree eating a squirrel with a nut — through a distinctive lens through which we should read and see the world?

What do our different approaches to the natural world — e.g., Rape and pillage? Preserve? Adore? What? —And to write about the natural world, tell us about human development throughout history? What do they tell us about nature itself? About subjectivity and objectivity?

Ecocritics consider many relationships between literature and the natural world. And in seeking to expand our understanding of the environment, they crank that music and let literary studies party with the hard sciences.

Now let's put our ecocritic hats on and return to Animal Farm for a moment. Orwell used pigs to symbolize fascist tyrants, yes. But if you look for clues to the science of pig behavior within the text, you'll find ways to enrich your understanding of this symbol. Did you know that pigs are really smart animals — kind of like dolphins, and, well, humans?

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Culture & Anarchy

Sunday, 26 - January - 2020
Culture and Anarchy : Thinking Activity

Hello Reader...

Welcome to all Reader on my blog. Today I'm again presenting one new blog about Culture and Anarchy. This essay written by well known writer Matthew Arnaldo. He was the one of the best writer in his career and in his time period. This interesting blog task given by our Professor Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. CLICK HERE for reading his interesting blog about Culture and Anarchy.

About Writer : 
Culture and Anarchy, major work of criticism by to Matthew Arnold, published in 1869. Matthew Arnold, a British poet and critic, wrote on the importance of culture in this work. He defined culture, famously, as "sweetness and light" - implying that culture represented everything good, not everything barbaric. The work is most important for the way it forwards the notion of an "organic" society - that is, a society that evolves slowly, that grows into maturity, that does not strive for sudden "advances" led by experts working all at once. implement great change. For anyone wondering about the relationship between modern conservatism and classical Liberalism, this is a decent place to start. "I am a Liberal," Arnold writes in the introduction, "yet I am a Liberal tempered by experience, reflection, and renouncement, and I am, above all, a believer in culture." If you want to take an intellectual journey from Burke to Bork, Arnold must make a leg of your trip.

About Essay :

Major work of criticism by Matthew Arnold, published in 1869. In this Arnold contrasts the culture, which he defines as "the study of perfection," with anarchy, the prevailing mood of England's then new democracy, which lacks standards and a sense of direction. Arnold classified English society into the Barbarians (with their lofty spirit, serenity, and distinguished manners and their inaccessibility to ideas), the Philistines (the stronghold of religious nonconformity, with plenty of energy and morality but insufficient "sweetness and light"), and the Populace (still raw and blind). He saw in the Philistines the key to culture; They were the most influential segment of society; Their strength was the nation's strength, their crudeness its crudeness; It was therefore not necessary to educate and humanize the Philistines. Arnold saw in the idea of ​​"the state," and not in any one class of society, the true organ and the repository of the nation's collective "best self." No summary can do justice to Culture and Anarchy, however; It is written with an inward poise, a serene detachment, and an infusion of subtle humor that make it a masterpiece of ridicule as well as a searching analysis of Victorian society. The same is true of its sequel, Friendship's Garland (1871). - The Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature.

Alfred & Robert

Tuesday, 22 - January - 2020
Alfred Tennyson & Robert Browsing

Hello Reader...

Today I shared one new blog with you. This blog about best to Poet Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browsing. Both are the best Poet in his time period. This blog task given by our Professor Vaidehi Hariyani Mam. Her style of study is diffrent but I like that very much. Click here for her Blog link of Wordsworth and Coleridge comparison. And also I will also share my blog link in this blog which is the same as mam on Wordsworth and Coleridge which I will also share last in this blog.

Alfred Tennyson

Alfred Tennyson was born August 6, 1809, in Lincolnshire, England, to George and Elizabeth Tennyson. The family was very large; eleven children reached maturity. Alfred's father was not wealthy, as his grandfather had made his younger son Charles his heir, leaving George to enter the ministry. Tennyson often worried about money throughout his life. Several of Tennyson's family members also struggled with alcoholism and mental illness, including his father, who grew violent and paranoid from excessive drinking in the 1820s.

At this time Tennyson composed the strange and mesmerizing "Timbuctoo," which attracted the notice of other young intellectuals. Tennyson was invited to join the Apostles Club in 1829, which included Arthur Henry Hallam, James Spedding, Edward Lushington, and Richard Monckton Milnes. These men would be his friends his entire life (except for Hallam, who died young). Hallam and Tennyson were particularly close, and the former became engaged to Tennyson's sister Emily after he met her on a visit to Somersby.

In 1830 Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. The volume included poems such as "Mariana," "The Kraken," and "Ode to Memory." "Mariana" is one of Tennyson's most beguiling and justly famous works. Reviews of this volume were generally favorable. In 1832 Tennyson published Poems, which included "The Lady of Shalott," "The Lotos-Eaters," "The Palace of Art," and "Oenone." Unfortunately, the reviews were brutal and damning, and Tennyson, sensitive to criticism, was crushed.

Hallam's death in 1833 at the age of 22 was another profoundly devastating blow to Tennyson. This death, his sister's despair over her fiancé's death, the terrible reviews, his father's death, his poverty and isolation in the country where he resided, and his own fears about mental illness and addiction pushed him into depression. He said of this period, "I suffered what seemed to me to shatter all my life so that I desired to die rather than to live." Many of Tennyson's most famous works of poetry were influenced by his immense grief even though they were not uniformly pessimistic. These included "Ulysses," "Tithonus" and, of course, the monumental In Memoriam A.H.H..

Tennyson became engaged to a young woman, Emily Sellwood, but fears about his financial situation and his possible mental problems led him to break off the engagement in 1840. During this time he was rather itinerant, moving about a great deal, and some of those closest to him thought his poetic genius had evaporated. In 1842, however, he published Poems, which contained some work from 1830 and 1832 that had been revised as well as new work; these two volumes provided the basis for his excellent reputation and secured his fame.

A government pension in 1845 alleviated some of his financial distress, and he married Emily in 1850. In 1847 he published "The Princess: A Medley," and in 1850 he finally published In Memoriam anonymously. Subsequent editions of that poem brought Tennyson a great deal of fame and money. The death of Wordsworth in 1850 seemed to designate Tennyson as his poetic successor, and indeed, in 1850 he was made Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom. Alfred's and Emily's first son, Hallam, was born in 1852, and a year later they established a home in Farringford, the Isle of Wight. A second son, Lionel, was born in 1854. "Maud, and Other Poems" was published in 1855, The Idylls of the King was published in 1859, and Tennyson published various other poems throughout the next decade.

Tennyson was admired by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria. The Queen described her first impression after meeting him: "very peculiar looking, tall, dark, with a fine head, long black flowing hair & a beard, — oddly dressed, but there is no affectation about him." Tennyson accepted an offer of barony in 1883 and took his seat in the House of Lords in March 1884. He also was awarded honorary degrees from Oxford and Edinburgh, and he made friends with other luminaries such as Charles Dickens, William Gladstone, and Robert Browning.

Lord Tennyson was frequently ill throughout the 1880s. He suffered immensely once again when his son Lionel died at age 32 in 1886. On October 6, 1892, Tennyson died. He is buried at Westminster Abbey.

Robert Browning

Robert Browning was a celebrated English poet of the Victorian era. Born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell, South London, in England, Browning was the only son of affluent parents Robert Browning Sr. and Sarah Anna Wiedeman. His father was a clerk at the Bank of England and earned a handsome salary. His paternal grandfather was a rich slave owner in Saint Kitts in the West Indies, where Browning Sr. also went to work. Browning’s father returned to England, though, after being revolted by slavery and becoming an abolitionist. Browning’s maternal grandfather was a German ship-owner, whose family settled in Dundee, Scotland.

Browning’s father had a collection of approximately 6,000 books, and Browning developed a keen interest in reading and writing. Raised in such a literary household, Browning gained creativity from his family, and started writing poetry at the young age of 12. His sister, Sarianna, who was also gifted with artistic talents and a musical mind, worked with her brother on many creative projects. Meanwhile Browning’s father further encouraged his literary pursuits.

Given Browning’s literary upbringing, it was natural for him not to feel satisfied by the private schools where he was sent to study. Discontented, Browning left school and set about getting education at home through a private tutor. By the age of fourteen, he had became fluent in Greek, French, Latin, and Italian from reading books from the library his father set up at home. Romantic poets like Shelley and Lord Byron inspired him the most during these years. In order to further his knowledge, Browning attended the University College London to study Greek, but left after a year. His parents’ evangelical faith prevented him from studying at Oxford or Cambridge University.

In 1845, he met a poetess, Elizabeth Barrett, and they developed a romantic relationship, which led to their marriage. The couple took a trip to Italy in hopes of improving Elizabeth’s health. They kept their wedding a secret due to fear of Elizabeth’s father, who did not approve of marriage for any of his children. Elizabeth’s father disowned her when he learned of the marriage, and the Brownings stayed in Italy until Elizabeth’s death. It was during this time that Browning became highly creative and productive in his writings. Unfortunately, his wife passed away in 1861, leaving behind a son.

Browning returned to England with his son, and became an important part of literary circles there. After five years of hard work in England, he published his popular poetry book “The Ring and the Book” in 1868. Following this, Browning started publishing frequently and, in 1870, he released his series of long poems “Red Cotton Night-Cap Country” and “Balaustion’s Adventure.” Browning died in Venice at the residence of his son on December 12, 1889.


Robert Browning’s Works
Browning worked very hard on his poems during his initial years, and finally produced “Men and Women,” which won him wide recognition in 1855. He completed his most ambitious and perhaps the greatest work “The Ring and the Book” in 1869. It received much recognition in the literary circles of England in 1881, when the Browning Society was established. After winning wide popularity, Browning produced his major work “Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day” in 1887. It was a unique piece of work in that it even baffled the Victorian audience. Browning wrote profusely, and his most popular plays include “Pippa Passes,” “Strafford,” “King Victor and King Charles,” “A Blot in the Scutcheon,” “The Return of the Druses,” and “Colombe’s Birthday,” while his popular dramatic monologues are “Rabbi Ben Ezra,” “Fifine at the Fair,” and “My Last Duchess.”

Robert Browning’s Style and Popular Poems
Browning’s style of writing mainly relies on dramatic monologues, in which the actions, settings, and characters are revealed through their own words. However, this revelation is not done deliberately but inadvertently as the speaker reveals himself and his past actions through images and symbols. His most popular poems include “A Wall,” “A Tale,” “A Pretty Woman,” “My Last Duchess,” “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister,” “The Last Ride Together,” “The Last Leader,” and “The Laboratory and Meeting at Night.”

More about His Life
Robert Browning won several awards, including an honorary doctorate fromEdinburgh. He got offers of being Lord Rectorship of Glasgow and Life Governor of London University, but he turned down several other offers. His last collection of poems, “Asolando,” which employed concise lyric, was published in 1889 on the day of his death.

Works : 
Henry van Dyke
Robert W. Service
William Butler Yeats
Lord Byron
Langston Hughes
Eugene Field
Claude McKay
Dorothy Parker
Alicia Elsbeth Stallings
Amber Flora Thomas
Robert Burns

Diffrence between Both Poet.

The mood and concerns of the Victorian age are revived here through the poetry of Tennyson, Arnold and Browning. The editor's perspective introduction probes the psychological alienation and isolation of the Victorian poets, explores the influences the Romantics had upon their poetry, and demonstrates how the Victorians moved the poetic tradition toward the twentieth century. Included are biographical sketches of each poet, bibliographical notes and critical annotations.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.

As a consequence of rapid scientific and industrial progress or the theories of Evolution and Communism, Victorian people and of course the literary writers are consigned to reach the acme of religious confusion or spiritual loss or conflict between faith and doubt. It is an admitted fact that the Victorian people and writers are divided into two idealistic worlds. So if one group goes in the favor of faith or religion, the other is of course in the favor of doubt. So conflict in ideologies is a must.

As much ink is spilled overwriting or enough debate is tabled regarding this very issue, the topic conflict between faith and doubt or science and religious places in the different sorts of Victorian literary devices especially in the Victorian poetry as “Poetry is the criticism of life.”6 This is because, Hugh Walker comments; ‘it is curious that in the year 1850 both Tennyson and Browning produced poems in which the religious element is more prominent than it is in anything they had previously written.” 7 Needless to say hundreds of books like ”History of the Conflict between Religion and Science” (1875), Origin of Species (1859) and” The Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1876) by John Draper, Andrew  Whites, and Charles Darwin respectively are written on this conflict. This is why, being the children of the time, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson and Cristina Rosette’s poetry started concerning with this very conflict and of course it becomes the mirror on which Victorian faith and doubt are clearly reflected. To lament on the loss of faith, Matthew Arnold “who chastises and instructs the reader on contemporary  social issues,”8 says in his poem :

“The Sea of Faith

Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore

Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.

But now I only hear

Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,

Retreating, to the breath

Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear

And naked shingles of the world”.

(Dover Beach, Line: 21- 28 )

In these quoted lines, making an explicit comparison between Victorian religious faith and sea, Arnold, in truth, laments over the transition from the age of faith into the age of skepticism, uncertainty or turbulence. The sea of faith, to Arnold, was full in past. It had flown with great energy and left it vigorous waves on the seashore. But now the poet hears the melancholic sounds of withdrawing waves. More clearly, religious faith of the Victorian people is replaced by agnostic, atheistic or skeptic thoughts.

Alfred Lord Tennyson is considered to be one of the most well-liked British poets during more of Queen Victorian period 9 questions faith in God, in nature and even in scientific without any hesitancy in his poetry. In the truest sense of the term, we observe that Tennyson possesses mixed feeling about scientific progress. This is why, Tennyson acknowledged evolution as progress and concerned about this conflict with the Christian scripture theory of creation like most of the Victorian people whose faith is being tempted by Charles Darwin’s  theory of Natural Selection.

In this connection, Tennyson sometimes goes in the favors of religion and same times is in the favor of doubt or religion. He is, actually, in between. This is because, Tennyson exposes his sufferings from the conflict of faith and doubt in his poetry. In the poems ‘The Lotos-Eaters’ “and ‘Locksley Hall’ the speakers are wild to abandon modern society and return to a savage lifestyle in the jungle. In the poem, ‘In Memoriam’ the Victorian poet concerns with this idea saying

“We have but faith we cannot know….

 For knowledge,…”

( In Memoriam: Line: 21-22)

But in every poem, Tennyson seems to arrive at the conclusion that we should have faith in scientific progression and of course in our religion.He is, in fact, reluctant to reject belief and to accept knowledge as the path of solution for the Victorian crisis of faith. In truth, he is keen to reconcile Victorian belief with knowledge. So it can be noted that Tennyson wants to solve the problem originated from the Victorian conflicts of faith and doubt reconciling his faith with knowledge. In a similar manner, the Victorian crisis of faith and doubt has clearly appeared in the poetry of Elizabeth  Barret Browning, one of the most prominent of the Victorian poets.  Her very poem ‘The Cry of the Children’ speaks about the suffering and faithlessness of the Victorian people through child labor. Even though Matthew Arnold’s poem ‘Dover Beach’  discusses the Victorian crisis of faith from the spiritual point of view. Elizabeth Barret Browning’s poem ‘The Cry of the Children’ concerns with this very issue from the practical point of view. Children ask help to God but he doesn’t pay need to them.

“Is it likely God, with any around Him,

Hears our weeping anymore”

( Line: 227-228 )

But this scene is somewhat different for the dead girl. She looks happier because she is now out the industrially developed Victorian society. And she has not been compelled to do a lot of work in mills and factories around fourteen to fifteen hours with little wages. In truth, the children symbolize the working class people, the worst sufferers of the Victorian society. This industrial unscrupulous society is established through the blood and sweat of the working classes people. Truly, the children are innocent but they are forced to go against the God. As the poem states:

“How long,” they say, “how long, O cruel nation,

   Will you stand, to move the world, on a child’s heart, —

                          (‘The Cry of the Children’: Stanza: xiii, Line: 33-34)

This is because, the faith of Victorian children declines. Again the poet says:

“But, no !” say the children, weeping faster,

      ” He is speechless as a stone;…..

Do not mock us; grief has made us unbelieving —

   We look up for God, but tears have made us blind.”

Do ye hear the children weeping and disproving,”

          (‘The Cry of the Children’: Stanza: xi, Line: 125-126 &131-133)

Here, we are not considering all Victorian people to be atheist. Because loss of faith doesn’t mean atheism.  It, to us, means the Victorian conflict between faith and doubt. Because scientific discoveries, industrialization, and the theory of evolution and communism make the people skeptic regarding religion and even in science.

Reference

1. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/JyotibaGohil/comparison-between-robert-browning-and-alfred-tennyson

2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning

3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson

Deconstruction

Monday, 20 - January - 2020
Deconstruction

Hello Reader...

Today I'm sharing one more Blog about Deconstruction. This blog task is about how apply Deconstruction in movies, poems, novel or any book which we like. And we all are try to apply Deconstruction in this things. This is our today's take by Sir. ( Click here ) .

# Dictionary meaning of Deconstruction.

A method of critical analysis of philosophical and literary language that emphasizes the language and conceptual systems of internal workings, the meaning of the relational quality, and the assumptions implicit in the expression of forms.

Deconstruction is a Poststructuralist theory based on largely but not exclusively on the writings of Derrida. It is in the first instance a philosophical theory and a theory directed towards the rereading of Philosophical writings. On the fact that Deconstruction sees all writing as a complex historical, Cultural process rooted in the relations of texts to each other and in the institutions and conventions of writing and on the sophistication and intensity of it's sense that human knowledge is not as controllable or as convincing Western thought would have it and that language operates is subtle and often Contradictory ways, so that certainty will always elude us.

Deconstruction involves the close reading of texts in order to demonstrate that any given text has irreconcilably contradictory meanings, rather than being a unified, logical whole.

Derrida suggests these oppositions are hierarchies in miniature, containing one term that Western culture views as positive or superior and another considered negative or inferior, even if only slightly so. Through deconstruction, Derrida aims to erase the boundary between binary oppositions—and to do so in such a way that the hierarchy implied by the oppositions is thrown into question.

Deconstruction was both created and has been profoundly influenced by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. Derrida, who coined the term deconstruction, argues that in Western culture, people tend to think and express their thoughts in terms of binary oppositions (white / black, masculine / feminine, cause /effect, conscious /unconscious, presence / absence, speech writing).

As J. Hillis Miller, the preeminent American deconstructionist, has explained in an essay entitled Stevens’ Rock and Criticism as Cure (1976), “Deconstruction is not a dismantling of the structure of a text, but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself. Its apparently solid ground is no rock but thin air.”

&

I try to apply Deconstruction in both movies. Plot of the movies are diffrent from each other. Both movie narrated by any person who was the main actor in the movie. And some ways both movies based on study. In 3 Idiots movie Aamir Khan play a lead character and he think positive way in study. With our positive thoughts, can we take the first rank in the exam? 

If answer is 'No' than how can Aamir Khan got first rank in exam with his positive thinking. And we can also told that this movie also is a kind of love story, Because you also find romantic song in the movie and no end of the movie comes only after meeting the hero and heroine Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor. So you can call it a romantic movie.

Second movie is 2 States. The Two States movie is a romantic movie, but both the heroes and the heroin may have resorted to the study to meet the film maker. But in this movie, the importance of study is taken and study is given importance. It is also narrated by Arjun Kapoor. And although the customs of these two regions are different, the parents of the two are finally considered for marriage.

If we do not take this plot, we can look the other way. In this movie, love is given more importance at first, but then the importance of study increases. When Arjun meets Alia's father, we can also watch the movie at the base of the study.